Gymnastics is an Olympic sport that includes competitions in floor exercises, gymnastics exercises, and vaults. The women's all-around program includes: floor exercises, exercises on uneven bars of different heights, balance beam and vault. Men's all-around program: floor exercise, vault, as well as exercises on the following apparatus: rings, pommel horse, horizontal bar and parallel bars.

The International Federation of Gymnastics (IFG) is a federation of gymnastic sports.

History of the origin and development of artistic gymnastics

Gymnastics appeared in Ancient Greece in the 8th century BC and was a set of physical exercises aimed at comprehensive development. Gymnastic exercises served as a means of preparing young men to participate in the Olympic Games.

When did artistic gymnastics appear?

In the 8th century BC.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, gymnastics was forgotten, but with the establishment of humanism at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries, social thought took the vector towards the comprehensive development of the individual, with special attention paid to physical health. Only then did people again turn to ancient culture and gradually began to introduce its physical side - gymnastics - into the education system.

At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, a movement of philanthropists appeared in Germany. In the schools they created, gymnastics, developed and taught by G. Fit and I. Guts-Muts, occupied an important place. F. L. Jan completed the creation of the system of German gymnastics. In parallel with the German one, gymnastics systems were created in France, Sweden and the Czech Republic.

Gymnastics was officially recognized as a sport in 1896 after it was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games. At first, only men competed on the Olympic gymnastics platform, but in 1928, women's competitions were held for the first time.

Where did artistic gymnastics originate?

In Ancient Greece.

Rules of artistic gymnastics (briefly)

For both men and women, the winners of the competition are determined on individual apparatus, in the overall championship and in the team competition. In all events, except women's vault, athletes are given only one attempt. In women's vault, the average score is calculated based on the results of two attempts.

Each athlete himself determines the program for his performances; it must meet the requirements regarding the type and complexity of exercises.

Competition program and gymnastics apparatus

Typically, artistic gymnastics competitions are held on 7 apparatus:

Exercises on parallel bars. Men's parallel bars exercises combine dynamic and static elements. The gymnast must use the entire length of the apparatus and perform elements above and below the bars. Exercises must end with a spectacular dismount.

Women's parallel bars exercises include rotations around the top and bottom poles, as well as various technical elements performed above and below them with rotation around the longitudinal and transverse axis using a one- and two-handed grip. The correct name for women's gymnastic bars is uneven bars.

Floor exercise in gymnastics they are a combination of individual elements, as well as their combinations. These can be somersaults, somersaults, splits, stances and other elements. The judges evaluate the complexity of the program and its individual elements, as well as the purity and confidence of the execution. No less important is the originality of the presented composition and the artistry of the athlete. Performance time is limited: 1 minute 10 seconds for men and one and a half minutes for women.

What is the difference between artistic gymnastics and acrobatics?

Acrobatics is a sport that includes various jumps, rolls, and body rotations with and without support. Artistic gymnastics additionally includes exercises on gymnastic apparatus.

Exercises on horseback are a combination of swinging and rotational movements, as well as handstands, during the execution of which all parts of the projectile must be involved.

Ring exercises They are a combination of flywheel and power elements on a special moving projectile in the form of two wooden rings on special cables. The exercise always ends with a dismount.

Vault performed from a running start using additional support in the form of a jumping horse. This exercise evaluates the height and distance of the jump, its complexity, cleanliness of execution and landing.

Exercises on the horizontal bar are a combination of rotational elements around the crossbar with and without turns, as well as elements with hand release. The athlete has no right to touch the bar with his body. The performance always ends with a dismount.

Balance Beam Exercises represent a single composition of dynamic and static elements, performed standing, sitting and lying on a special apparatus. The duration of the speech should not exceed one and a half minutes.

What are the apparatuses called in artistic gymnastics?

Uneven and parallel bars, crossbar, pommel horse, gymnastic bridge, rings, beam, gymnastic mat.

Rules of judging in artistic gymnastics

The performances of the gymnasts are assessed by the main judge and eight judges who “serve” one or another apparatus. Two of the judges evaluate the difficulty of the exercises, while the other six evaluate the technique. The judges assessing the complexity of the program and the judges observing the technique of execution make scores independently of each other: the best and worst of them are not taken into account, and the average score is calculated from the remaining four.

Gymnastics(Greek gymnastike, from gymnazo - I exercise, train), one of the oldest sports, including competitions on various gymnastic apparatus, as well as floor exercises and vaults. Currently, at international tournaments, gymnasts compete for 14 sets of awards: two in the team competition (men and women), two in the absolute individual championship (men and women) and ten in individual all-around events (4 for women, 6 for men).

In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896.

Gymnastics is the technical basis of many sports; corresponding exercises are included in the training program for representatives of a wide variety of sports disciplines. Gymnastics not only provides certain technical skills, but also develops strength, flexibility, endurance, a sense of balance, and coordination of movements.

Rules.

Gymnastics competition program.

Exercises on parallel bars. There are parallel bars (men) and uneven bars (women). The apparatus consists of two oval-shaped (in cross-section) wooden poles mounted on a metal frame: for men - at a height of 1.75 m, for women - 1.65 and 2.45 m. (The height of all gymnastic apparatus is measured from the surface located near them safety mats).

Women's parallel bars exercises include, first of all, rotations in both directions around the upper and lower poles, as well as various technical elements performed above and below them with rotation around the longitudinal and transverse axis using a grip with one and two hands (as well as without the help of hands).

Men's parallel bars exercises combine dynamic (rotations, swing movements, etc.) and static (horizontal supports, handstands) elements. The gymnast must use the entire length of the apparatus, “working” above and below the bars.

Floor exercise (wives and husband) are performed on a special gymnastics mat 12 x 12 m. There is a 1 meter wide “safety boundary” around the carpet. The carpet (wool or synthetic) has an elastic surface - dense enough for pushing, but at the same time providing athletes with a soft landing. Floor exercises are a combination of individual elements (somersaults, somersaults, splits, handstands, etc.) and their combinations, different in tempo and “mood”.

As the performance progresses, athletes must make maximum use of the entire area of ​​the mat. The complexity of the program and its individual elements, as well as the purity and confidence of execution, are assessed. No less important is the originality of the presented composition and the artistry of the athlete - especially for women, whose performances are accompanied by musical accompaniment and include separate dance steps, which are in many ways reminiscent of exercises from rhythmic gymnastics. Performance time on the mat is limited: 1 minute 10 seconds for men and one and a half minutes for women.

Vault (men and women). Performed from a running start using additional support (hence the name of the exercise). The length of the projectile is 1.6 m, the width is 0.35 m. The athlete runs up along a special track 25 m long and 1 m wide, pushes off with his feet from the bridge - a shock-absorbing device 20 cm high, inclined to the run-up line - and then makes an additional push hands (for men a push with one hand is allowed) from the projectile. The jumps performed can be straight, somersault, inverted, etc. For men, the apparatus is installed at a height of 1.35 m parallel to the runway, for women - at a height of 1.25 m perpendicular to the runway. Another significant difference is related to the competition formula: men are given only one attempt, women - two, based on the results of which the average score for completing the exercise is calculated. The height and distance of the jump, its complexity (number of revolutions around the longitudinal and transverse axis, etc.), cleanliness of execution and precision of landing are assessed.

Beam exercises (women)- a gymnastic apparatus 5 m long and 0.1 m wide, fixedly fixed at a height of 1.25 m from the floor. The exercise is a single composition of dynamic (jumps, turns, “jogging”, somersaults, dance steps, etc.) and static (splits, swallow, etc.) elements performed standing, sitting and lying on the apparatus. Athletes must use the entire length of the beam. The judges evaluate the gymnasts' flexibility, balance and elegance. The duration of the speech is no more than 1 minute 30 seconds.

Exercises on horseback (men)- a special apparatus with handles that allow you to perform swinging movements with your legs. (The same apparatus, but without the handles, is used in the vault.) The horse is fixed at a height of 1.05 m. The exercises are a combination of swinging and rotational movements, as well as handstands, during which all parts of the apparatus must be used.

Ring exercises (men)- a movable apparatus in the form of two wooden rings attached to special cables at a height of 2.55 m. Exercises on the rings (lifts, rotations and twists) demonstrate not only flexibility, but also the physical strength of the athlete. The static elements of these exercises are no less difficult to perform than the dynamic ones. According to the rules, dismounting from the rings at the end of the performance must be an acrobatic element. As when performing exercises on the horizontal bar, when taking the starting position on the rings, the athlete can use the help of a coach or assistant.

Exercises on the horizontal bar (men)- a polished steel bar with a diameter of 27-28 mm and a length of 2.5 m, fixed on two racks with guy wires at a height of 2.55 m. According to the rules, when performing rotations (in different directions) around the crossbar, the athlete has no right to touch it body. During the performance, he must demonstrate various types of grips and the ability to move cleanly and clearly from one type to another.

The sequence of program execution is usually as follows:
• - floor exercises, pommel horse exercises, rings exercises, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar (for men);
• - vault, uneven bars, beam, floor exercise (women).

Judging and evaluation.

The performances of the gymnasts are assessed by the main judge and eight judges who “serve” one or another apparatus.

The judges are divided into two groups. Two judges evaluate the complexity and composition of the exercise using a 10-point system, and six other judges evaluate the execution technique. To quickly record the technical elements demonstrated by the gymnast during the performance, judges use more than 1000 special written signs - similar to shorthand.

From the score given by the first group of judges, a kind of “starting price” (this is the maximum amount of points that an athlete can receive for a performance), points are deducted for mistakes made: from 0.1 points for a small error to 0.4 points for a blunder. A fall from a projectile or onto a projectile costs 0.5 points. According to the rules, when performing a vault, as well as exercises on uneven bars, rings and the crossbar, an assistant can be located next to the apparatus to secure the athlete, but if the gymnast is forced to use his help, 0.4 points are automatically deducted from the performer. Stepping on the mat (during floor exercises) or failure to comply with the time limit for the performance is also punishable by a reduction in grade.

A group of judges assessing the complexity of the presented program gives an overall score. The judges monitoring the technique make scores independently of each other: the best and worst of them are not taken into account, and the average score is calculated from the remaining four.

For a long time, a score of 10 points was, in fact, considered only theoretically possible. In 1976, during the Montreal Olympics, the young Romanian athlete Nadia Comaneci became the first gymnast in history to achieve this in practice. Moreover, Comaneci was then awarded the highest rating 7 times.

During team competitions and during the overall championship, the scores received by a team or an individual athlete in various types of programs are summed up. Based on them, the final grade is derived. The gymnast or team with the most points is declared the winner. The team competition uses a 6-5-4 scheme. No more than 6 athletes compete for each team at competitions, 5 of them “work” on a particular apparatus, and only the 4 best results are taken into account. (Previously, the “7-6-5” scheme was in effect.) In team competitions, as well as during the individual championship (absolute and in certain types of the program), the athlete is given only one attempt on each apparatus. The exception is vault among women (see above).

Competitors themselves determine the “content” of their exercises on a particular apparatus, but their performance must meet existing requirements regarding the type and complexity of the technical elements used.

Each exercise has a beginning, a main part and an ending (dismount).

Competition formula, determining the winner.

Major international artistic gymnastics competitions consist of four stages:
• - Qualification (or preliminary) stage among individual gymnasts and teams, based on the results of which the composition of the finalists is determined;
• - The team final is held among the 6 strongest teams based on the results of the “qualification” (separately among men and among women);
• - The absolute championship in the individual competition is played out among the 36 best athletes;
• - The championship in individual events is played out by 8 athletes who showed the best results in certain exercises at the preliminary stage.

At large competitions, as a rule, six men's or four women's teams (according to the number of apparatuses) perform simultaneously on the platform. Having completed the performance in one type of program, the team moves on to the next.

On Olympic Games, - unlike the World Championship, - a limited number of participants can enter. These are 12 men's and 12 women's national teams that showed the best results at the World Championships preceding the Olympics. The total number of individuals participating in the Olympic gymnastics tournament is 98 (for both men and women). In addition to the athletes of the 12 best teams, they include representatives of countries that took places at the championship from 13th and below, as well as a number of athletes selected by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) on an individual basis. According to the rules, no more than 3 representatives of one country can participate in the final part of the competition for the title of absolute champion of the Olympic Games, and no more than 2 in the championship competition in individual exercises.

Since 1997, the program of the World Gymnastics Championships and the Olympic Gymnastics Tournament no longer includes compulsory exercises. The compulsory and free programs, the results of which previously determined the winning teams and the composition of the final participants in the individual competition, have been replaced by a qualifying stage among gymnasts and a team final.

Some other rules.

Gymnastics is one of those sports that has undergone an intensive process of “rejuvenation” in recent decades. A kind of record was set in 1987 by the Romanian gymnast Aurelia Dobre, who won the title of absolute world champion at the age of less than 15. Even younger was her compatriot Daniela Silivas, who two years earlier received a gold medal at the World Championships for winning the balance beam exercise. Currently, the minimum age for participants in major international gymnastics tournaments is not 15, as before, but 16 years old (the same age athletes must turn in the year of the competition).

There are also some “procedural” restrictions in modern artistic gymnastics:
• - the transition from projectile to projectile is carried out in an organized manner;
• - competition participants are given 30-40 seconds to warm up, after which they are called to perform the exercise;
• - during the execution of the program, the coach has no right to talk to the gymnast;
• - during the competition, participants do not have the right to leave the site without special permission.

The rules provide for penalties for individual gymnasts and entire teams: for example, for failure to appear for warm-ups. Unsportsmanlike (and undisciplined) behavior of athletes is punishable by a fine.

Failure to comply with the dress code can also affect the results of a gymnast’s performance. The first remark entails a deduction of points - and up to removal from the competition in the overall classification.

When performing exercises on apparatus, it is allowed to use special leather pads for the palms to avoid damage.

About technology.

The basis of gymnastic technique is certain body positions on the apparatus and movements performed during the exercise.

Hanging is a position in which the athlete’s shoulders are below the grip point, and the emphasis is when they are located above the fulcrum. The emphasis can be carried out with the arms, legs or torso.

Grip is a specific way of holding the gymnast on the apparatus. There are grips: from above, from below, from the outside, a reverse grip of the hands on the inside of the projectile, mixed, cross, long and narrow (closed).

Tuck - a position in which the body is bent as much as possible at the waist, knees joined together are pressed to the chest, and hands clasp the lower part of the legs.

Angle - the position of the body (hanging or supporting) when the outstretched legs are located at right angles to the body.

Split is a body position in which the legs are spread as far apart as possible.

Transition is the movement of an athlete on an apparatus to the right or left when performing any technical element.

Lifting is a transition from a hang to an emphasis position or from a lower emphasis to a higher one.

Flying is the movement of the gymnast (from hanging or support) from one side (part) of the apparatus to the other.

Circle - a circular movement over a projectile or part of it. A revolution is a circular rotational movement of the athlete around the axis of the apparatus or grip points.

Twist - performing an exercise with a rotational movement in the shoulder joints.

Swing (forward, backward or to the side) is a pendulum-like movement of the body from one extreme point to another. There are also swinging - a similar movement of some parts of the body relative to others (at emphasis) or the whole body near the grip points (while hanging), swing - movement of the leg (legs) above the projectile (at emphasis) or under it (while hanging) and crossing - two swings performed simultaneously towards each other.

Rotation is the movement of the gymnast’s body around its longitudinal axis or the movement of individual parts of the body around their longitudinal axes.

Coup is a rotational movement of the body with turning over the head forward or backward.

Somersault is a complete flip over the head in the air (without support) from a standstill, from a run and when flying from one part of the projectile to another.

Dismount - jumping from an apparatus to the floor in various ways at the end of the exercise.

Individual gymnastic apparatus have their own specific positions and movements. For example, in exercises on rings there is a cross (support with arms spread to the sides) and swing (a single movement of the body together with the apparatus in one direction).

In the technical arsenal of gymnasts there are many “combined” elements (for example, a flip lift), as well as more complex variations of basic movements - such as a back flip with a 360-degree turn.

Many outstanding gymnasts come up with their own technical elements, which then receive their names: “Delasala circles” on pommel horse, “Diomidov spinner” on uneven bars, dismount from the crossbar and vault “Tsukahara”, “Korbut loop” on uneven bars and “Korbut somersault” on balance beam, exercise on the horizontal bar “Delchev”, “Azaryan cross” on rings, etc.

Sports gymnastics is a sport that includes competitions on gymnastic apparatus, floor exercises and vaults.

Story:

The term "Gymnastics" around the 5th century BC. in Ancient Greece meant a set of exercises for education, military art and health. The ancient Greeks believed that gymnastics gives the body agility, strength, speed, grace, beauty, and also develops a person’s feelings of courage and nobility. The Greeks used gymnastic exercises not only for physical development, but also for military training.

In ancient Rome, when preparing legionnaires for battle, they used special horses and trained them with the help of special beams. In gladiator schools, gymnastics played an indispensable role in improving the speed of movement and increasing the endurance of the gladiator.

In the matter of physical education and all-round development of youth, humanists in the Renaissance attached great importance to gymnastics. In the 16th century, an outstanding specialist in the field of gymnastics, I. Mercurialis, published his work “On the Art of Gymnastics.”

The founders of the practical and theoretical foundations in the development of gymnastics are the German teacher Fit (1763-1836) and F. Guts-Muts (1759-1839). They gave ideas about the biomechanics of gymnastic movements, developed and prepared a methodology for gymnastic movements with objects.

In the USSR, the development of artistic gymnastics in the 20s is associated with the implementation of Vsevobuch, the 1st USSR championship in gymnastic all-around took place in 1928 (all-union sports day in Moscow), the 2nd, with the participation of women, in 1932. Since then, championships have been held regularly, since 1939 and in certain types of all-around, since 1936 - all-Union competitions for schoolchildren, since 1955 - for the USSR Cup in all-around.

In 1937, Soviet gymnasts participated in international competitions for the first time (3rd Workers' Olympiad in Antwerp). In 1949, the USSR Artistic Gymnastics Federation (founded in the early 30s as an all-Union section) became a member of the international federation; Since 1952, Soviet gymnasts have participated in the Olympic Games, since 1954 in the World Championships and since 1955 in the European Championships (European championships for women have been held since 1957).

The Russian Artistic Gymnastics Federation was founded in 1991. Russia regularly hosts national championships, regional, all-Russian and international tournaments and other events. The Federation is part of the FIG and UEJ.

Rules and description.

Disciplines:

Women: beam exercises; floor exercise; individual all-around championship; exercises on uneven bars; team championship; vault.

Men: floor exercise; exercises on the horizontal bar; individual all-around championship; exercises on parallel bars; exercises on horseback; exercises on rings; team championship; vault.

Floor exercises - gymnasts perform on a special shock-absorbing flooring covered with a woolen or synthetic carpet. They contain combinations of various movements, dance elements, circles with arms and legs, swings, static positions, somersaults and inversions, combined into a complete combination that meets certain requirements. Duration of floor exercises for men is 50-70 seconds, for women 70-90 seconds. Women perform exercises to music (phonogram without singing).

Vault (men and women). Performed from a running start using additional support (hence the name of the exercise). The length of the projectile is 1.6 m, the width is 0.35 m. The athlete runs up along a special track 25 m long and 1 m wide, pushes off with his feet from the bridge - a shock-absorbing device 20 cm high, inclined to the run-up line - and then makes an additional push hands (for men a push with one hand is allowed) from the projectile. The jumps performed can be straight, somersault, inverted, etc. For men, the apparatus is installed at a height of 1.35 m parallel to the runway, for women - at a height of 1.25 m perpendicular to the runway. Another significant difference is related to the competition formula: men are given only one attempt, women - two, based on the results of which the average score for completing the exercise is calculated. The height and distance of the jump, its complexity (number of revolutions around the longitudinal and transverse axis, etc.), cleanliness of execution and precision of landing are assessed.

Exercises on a horse contain various swings and circles with one or two legs, movements in support across or longitudinally with support on the horse, on one hand and horse, on one or both arms, performed only with a swing and together.

Exercises on the rings contain various lifts, rotations, twists, performed with a swing and force, static positions - handstands, horizontal hangs and supports, crosses. Exercises on rings (lifts, rotations and twists) demonstrate not only flexibility, but also the physical strength of the athlete.

Exercises for men on uneven bars contain various lifts, turns, transitions, swings, circles with one and two legs, somersaults over and under the poles, large rotations, as well as, to a limited extent, static positions - handstands, horizontal supports.

Exercises on the crossbar (men) - a bar made of polished steel with a diameter of 27-28 mm and a length of 2.5 m, fixed on two racks with the help of stretch marks at a height of 2.55 m. According to the rules, performing rotations (in different directions) around the crossbar , the athlete has no right to touch her with his body. During the performance, he must demonstrate various types of grips and the ability to move cleanly and clearly from one type to another.

Judging is carried out by two groups of judges. One group, consisting of 2 judges, evaluates the difficulty of the execution (using a 10-point system), the other group evaluates the technical execution and consists of 6 judges.
Gymnasts lose 0.1 points for a small mistake, from 0.2 to 0.3 for an average mistake and 0.4 points for a rough one. If you fall on or from a projectile, 0.5 points are deducted.