One of the popular images in Japanese tattoos is the Oni Demon. These ghostly, fearsome creatures are variously described in Eastern mythology and are most often the keepers of hell and the hunters of sinners.
In older tales, there are also good Demon protectors, such as monks, who became Oni after death to protect the temple.
In tattooing, Oni Demons are almost always depicted with horns, and their faces are often mask-like and are usually red or blue-grey in color.
SCULL
In fact, the meaning of the image of the skull in the tattoo is deeper than is commonly believed. Most people do not think about the true meaning of the skull and associate it only with a negative point of view.
But the skull is not just danger, fear or death. Initially, the skull symbolized the "great change." At different peoples in the burial places you can see the image of one or more skulls.
In ancient society, the skull meant the celebration of death, that is, the transition to " new life”, showed respect for those who went through the greatest change and entered into new period existence.
The hannya mask is one of the many masks used in traditional Japanese Noh theatre, which has been known for performances since around the 14th century.
MASK Hannya
The hannya mask is one of the many masks used in traditional Japanese Noh theatre, which has been known for performances since around the 14th century AD. And the masks were used by actors to convey the personality and characters of various characters in Japanese fairy tales.
The hannya mask represents an evil, jealous and vindictive woman who has turned into a demon out of envy and anger. Horns, fangs and sparkling eyes express resentment, hatred and suffering, and scattered hair symbolizes strong emotions.
In a tattoo, the hannya mask is sometimes complemented by masks of other characters, but it can also be a separate work. Traditionally, the hannya mask is made in red, and the brighter and more aggressive the color used, the stronger the emotions expressed in the tattoo.
A characteristic plot of a Japanese tattoo is Namakubi, a severed or pierced head with a vicious expression on the face.
Namakubi (severed head)
A characteristic plot of the Japanese tattoo is Namakubi, a severed or pierced head with a vicious expression on the face. Namakubi can symbolize courage, respect for an opponent, and a willingness to honor one's fate. It can be used as an element of the circle of life or to show others the punishment for an unrighteous life.
Instruction
Japanese tattoos rations have a long and rich history. The first evidence of Japanese tattoos can be seen on 5,000-year-old figurines found in tombs. In addition, texts dating back to the 3rd century CE say that Japanese men decorated their faces and bodies with mi. Centuries later, mainly due to the powerful cultural influence of China, tattoos became taboo and were used mainly for criminals. An integral part of the traditional Japanese tattoo was a complex system of symbols that was used to reveal a person's character. It was believed that a tattoo could even change it.
Sakura is a symbol of resilience. Beauty lies in the strength she possesses to survive in the harsh. Blooming means the cycle of human life: birth, flowering, death. The Japanese see this as a direct representation of how life should be. They believe that each day should be lived to the fullest and that the awareness of death should only make us stronger.
The brightly colored carp have a special symbolism in Japanese culture, and their image can even be seen in many temples. The myth says that if a carp can swim upstream to the gates of heaven, it will turn into an a. The image of a carp symbolizes luck, strength, ambition and individuality. Therefore, if you are looking for a tattoo that symbolizes struggle and perseverance, then the Koi carp is the perfect choice.
mythical dragon is what Japan is usually associated with. Dragons occupy an important place in Japanese culture. A dragon tattoo has many meanings, such as freedom, courage, wisdom, power, strength, and even supernatural abilities. The colors used in the image of the dragon are of great importance, so you need to choose them very carefully.
Chania tattoo meanings are twofold: protector and avenger, wise guardian and cunning demon, all-consuming passion and bitter regrets.
Chania Tattoo Meaning
First of all, the demon Chania or Hannya is a very memorable bright and imaginative character. Especially on the body, the colorful image of Chania will look outstanding.
In Japanese culture, demons are not strictly negative characters. They are rather spirits and have a protective function. Chania is depicted as a talisman. This image can be compared with a guardian angel.
The theatrical mask itself is made in such a way that on the one hand it looks intimidating and angry, and from a different angle it reflects suffering, torment and regret, it seems to be sobbing inconsolably. This requires a special skill of execution. Chania personifies the suffering soul, who carried out revenge, but did not find peace.
The history of the appearance of the image
The prototype of the Japanese demon is considered to be the Tibetan guardian, the guardian of Buddhism, the wise Hannya, the owner of the snake mask.
Another legend is connected with the Japanese mask. The girl fell in love with the wandering monk, fell in love passionately and selflessly. But he did not reciprocate, continuing his wanderings. The girl was embraced by resentment, anger and anger, for neglect sincere feeling. These feelings made her a demon, empowering her.
Just having been reborn, she went to take her revenge. I overtook that monk and punished him, burning him with fiery breath. But regret and disappointment overtook her. Since then, a lonely demon has been wandering around, either cruelly punishing insensitive men, or moaning about lost love.
Many characters and images of Japanese culture and mythology have a dual meaning. So Chania serves to understand that anger and jealous rage can be caused by deep disappointment and despair. AND long life designed for understanding, forgiveness, compassion.
Another legend says that the monk-sculptor Hanya-bo created a double mask for ritual dances. The mask is horned, and the mouth on it is grinned in a sharp-toothed smile. But when looking sideways, it seems that the demon is crying. This image itself is far from femininity, but it is the woman, absorbed by jealousy and anger, that Chania personifies.
Interesting! In Japan, to this day, two fingers put to the head is a gesture that means that a woman is “going crazy” from jealousy for her man.
Hannya looks very memorable. Two bull horns, an aggressive look, a fanged smile from ear to ear. Both the mask and the demon are always depicted in bright colors.
The saturation of the color also has its own meaning, expressing the degree of anger and passion. Scarlet color means all-consuming passion and strong indignation. Pale tones speak of calmer feelings, love, possessive feelings, the desire to hide the object of passion from the world, to appropriate.
The breath that comes out of the demon's mouth symbolizes the destruction that brings excessive passion.
There are images of Chania with a third eye. This image is intended to emphasize the direct meaning of the word. Chania translates as "wisdom". Here the mystical additional eye is a sign of superhuman vision, insight. Look deeper, see more.
Japan is the birthplace of a unique subspecies of tattoo art, in last years become popular all over the world. Japanese tattoos are very colorful and in most cases filled with deep meaning, because people here decorated their bodies wisely.
Currently Japanese tattoo can be done in almost any country in the world, it is enough to describe your preferences to the master and choose the sketch you like. However, it will not be superfluous to learn about the meaning of individual drawings. Below will be very helpful information on the topic, in addition, you can go to http://vse-o-tattoo.ru/znachenija_tatu, where there is also a lot of useful information about tattoos.
Initially, carps were not found in Japan, they were brought here by immigrants from China. In general, the cultures of these two countries are closely intertwined in many matters and one should not be surprised at the various borrowings. Carp in the Land of the Rising Sun is the king of freshwater fish, he is given a corresponding place in national folklore.
This fish is really revered, so carp tattoos can be seen in both women and men. The drawings are distinguished by their brightness and clearly readable dynamics, and they always stand out from the background of other sketches.
The image of a carp is considered a symbol of fearlessness, composure and perseverance. He is often credited with just such a meaning, in addition, they link the drawing with the samurai code. It is also believed that carp brings good luck and feeds its owner with energy. All these meanings are based on ancient Japanese legends.
Ask the first person you meet: "What Japanese monsters do you know?". In most cases, you will hear: "Godzilla, Pikachu and Tamagotchi." This is still a good result, because Russian fairy-tale creatures, through the eyes of the average Japanese, are a cross between a matryoshka, Cheburashka and a drunken polar bear. But Russian and Japanese cultures can boast of such ancient menageries that some American Paul Bunyan never even dreamed of.
"The World of Fantasy" has already taken a walk along the unknown paths of Slavic myths, having studied the traces of unseen animals. Today we will be transported to the opposite side of the planet and see what bizarre creatures live under the rays of the rising sun.
Spirited Away
You can't understand Japanese folklore without a bottle of sake. It was formed thanks to the centuries-old "cooperation" of Chinese Buddhism and national Shintoism - a unique process during which the principles of one religion were supplemented by the precepts of another.
Such syncretism gave rise to an amazing interweaving of myths: Buddhist deities preached Shintoism, and primitive Shinto magic did not contradict the complex Buddhist picture of the world. To understand the exclusivity of this phenomenon, it is enough to imagine the idol of Perun in the altar of a modern Orthodox church.
Features of the national worldview, multiplied by Buddhist mysticism and the remnants of primitive beliefs, made Japanese monsters completely different from their Western "colleagues". Ghosts settled next to people and animals under the red sun - something like fairies in their classical European sense, but unlike each other and successfully replacing all the chimeras invented by mankind.
Japanese ghosts are not restless souls of the dead or clots of protoplasm from parallel worlds. The concept of obake, formed from the verb bakeru - to transform, to transform, is most often applied to them. Obake may well be creatures of flesh and blood. The main thing about them is that these "ghosts" turn from one thing to another, changing symbols and meanings, as well as disrupting the natural course of things.
Yokai and Samurai (Artist Aotoshi Matsui).
Supernatural horror in Japanese culture is not focused on some otherworldly objects, but on the irrational modification of familiar forms. A skeleton in a white shroud, burning eyes in the dark and a terrible howl in a cemetery will frighten a Japanese much less than a crumpled paper lantern or strange television interference. The basis for such fears is a simple (if not primitive) picture of the world. Similar "horror stories" about a black hand or a white sheet were once in great demand in the Ogonyok magazine.
From obake, an independent class of ghosts is sometimes distinguished - yokai (Japanese folklore terminology is very confusing and there is simply no single classification). Their main feature is extraordinary appearance(one eye, long neck, etc.). Yokai resemble Russian brownies or goblin. These creatures live in a certain area and do not seek a meeting with a person. Youkai can be both friendly and mischievous. They are associated with fire and the northeast. In winter, encounters with evil spirits are rare.
In the vastness of Japan, you can also meet quite normal yurei ghosts - souls deprived of peace. Shintoism teaches that after death, the soul waits for the necessary rituals to be performed on the body, after which it safely departs for another world. The deceased spirit can meet with living relatives once a year - in July, during the Bon holiday.
But if a person died a violent death, committed suicide, or if the rites over his body were performed incorrectly, the soul turns into a yurei and gets the opportunity to penetrate the world of the living. Yurei can be found at the place of his death, but you should not strive for this, because the main occupation of the restless ghosts is revenge.
Most yurei are women who have suffered from love. Initially, the Japanese believed that their appearance was indistinguishable from life, but soon traditions began to change, and instead of a face, a ghostly lady could have a huge eye.
Today, the look of yurei is standardized. They are dressed in a white funeral kimono. The hair is jet black, long (it was supposed to grow after death) and falling over the face. Hands hang down helplessly, instead of legs there is a gaping void (in the kabuki theater, actors are hung on ropes), and otherworldly lights curl next to the ghost.
Sadako ("Call") 
Kayako ("Spite")
The most famous yurei in the West are Sadako ("Call") and Kayako ("Spite").
In the animal world
As far as ordinary animals are concerned, Japanese fairy tales are very similar to European ones. “Don't kill me, I'll be useful to you,” said the animals in different parts of the world. The universal commandment "Thou shalt not kill" was especially relevant for Buddhism. As a reward for mercy to animals, the protagonist received wealth or magical abilities. Little frogs rushed to the aid of their rescuers, orphaned ducks persuaded the evil hunter to give up his craft - it is not known who he will be reborn into in his next life.
In the shade of sakura
Azuki arai. In Asia, adzuki beans have always been boiled with sugar and have been a kind of candy.
abumi-guchi: when a warrior died in battle, the stirrups from his horse sometimes remained on the battlefield. There they came to life, turning into a strange fluffy creature, forever looking for their missing master.
Abura-akago: the souls of merchants who, during their lifetimes, sold oil stolen from lamps at wayside shrines. They fly into the room in clumps of fire and turn into a baby who sucks all the oil out of the lamp, after which they fly away.
: a little old man or old woman washing beans in mountain streams. Sings threatening songs ("Should I wash the beans or eat someone?"), but is actually shy and harmless.
Aka-name: "licking dirt" appears in those baths where there has not been cleaning for a long time. As its name suggests, it feeds on unsanitary conditions. His appearance quickly instills in people the habit of cleaning up after themselves in the washing rooms. His relative - the long-legged tenyo-name - licks the dirty ceilings.
Aka-name. The tongue will bring you to the bathroom.
Ama-no-zako: born from the fury of the thunder god Susanoo. Ugly, has strong teeth that bite through steel. Able to fly quickly over long distances.
Ama no zaku: An ancient demon of stubbornness and vice. He reads people's thoughts, makes them act in such a way that their plans are made exactly the opposite. In one of the tales, he ate the princess, put on her skin and tried to get married in this form, but was exposed and killed.
Ame furi kozo: rain spirit. Appears as a child covered with an old umbrella and carrying a paper lantern in his hands. Likes to splash in puddles. Harmless.
Ami-kiri: There are a lot of mosquitoes and ghosts in Japan in summer. One of them, looking like a cross between a bird, a snake and a lobster, loves to tear mosquito nets, as well as fishing tackle and drying laundry.
ao andon: In the Edo period, people often gathered in a room, lit a large blue lantern with a hundred candles, and began to tell each other scary stories. At the end of each of them, one candle was extinguished. After the hundredth story, the light faded completely and ao-andon appeared.
Ao-bozu: a short cyclops who lives in young wheat and drags children there.
ao niobo: An ogre who lives in the ruins of the imperial palace. During her lifetime, she was a lady-in-waiting. Distinguished by black teeth and shaved eyebrows.
Ao-sagi-bi: an analogue of the Firebird: a heron with fiery eyes and white luminous feathers.
Asi Magari: ghostly raccoon dog. At night, it wraps its tail around the legs of travelers. Her fur feels like raw cotton to the touch.
Ayakashi: a sea serpent about two kilometers long. Sometimes it swims over boats, forming an arch with its body. This can last for several days, during which the people in the boat are busy scooping up the mucus that oozes profusely from the monster.
Baku: Chinese chimera with the body of a bear, the trunk of an elephant, the eyes of a rhinoceros, the tail of a cow, paws of a tiger and spotted skin. Feeds on dreams. If you see a bad dream, you should appeal to the tank, and he will swallow it along with all the foreshadowed troubles.
Bake-zori: an old sandal that is poorly cared for. Runs around the house and sings stupid songs.
Bake-kujira: The skeleton of a whale accompanied by strange fish and sinister birds. Invulnerable to harpoons.
Bake-neko: if a cat is fed in the same place for 13 years, it will turn into a bloodthirsty werewolf. Bake-neko can be so huge that they will not fit into the house, but instead will rummage around with their paws, looking for people like mice in a hole. Sometimes a werewolf takes the form of a human.
There is a story about how a cat disappeared in one house. At the same time, the behavior of the mother of the family began to change: she avoided people and ate, closing herself in the room. When the household decided to spy on her, they discovered a creepy humanoid monster. The owner of the house killed him, and a day later she again turned into a missing cat. Under the tatami on the floor, the bones of the mother were found, gnawed clean.
Cats in Japan were associated with death. Therefore, people were very suspicious of the cats of the deceased owners. These animals could become kasa, stealing corpses, or two-tailed neko-mata, playing with dead bodies like dolls. To avoid such a disaster, kittens need to dock their tails (so that they do not fork), and the dead cat should be securely locked up.
The image of a cat was far from always gloomy. Porcelain maneki-neko figurines bring success to shop owners. During a thunderstorm, the cat took the rich man away from the tree, which was supposed to be struck by lightning, after which he began to patronize the temple. A geisha's cat would not let her mistress into the lavatory where a snake hid. Finally, cats often took the form of people and became the wives of single men or the children of childless couples.
Basan. Found in present-day Yehime Prefecture.
Basan: overgrown rooster. At night, he walks the streets and makes a strange noise - something like "bass-bass". People look out of the houses, but they don't find anyone. Can breathe fire, but is generally harmless.
Betobeto-san: when you are walking down the street at night and you hear footsteps behind you, but there is no one behind you, say: “Betobeto-san, please come in!”. The ghost will leave and will no longer stomp behind your back.
Gyuki (yushi-oni): bull-like chimera living in waterfalls and ponds. Attacks people by drinking their shadows. After that, the victims begin to get sick and soon die. Gyuka's footsteps are silent. Having outlined the victim, he will pursue it to the ends of the Earth. There is only one way to get rid of the monster - by repeating the paradoxical phrase: "Leaves are sinking, stones are floating, cows are neighing, horses are mooing." Sometimes gyuki takes the form of a beautiful woman.
Jore-gumo: Looks like a pretty girl during the day, but at night it turns into a spider-like monster that spreads nets on people.
Jubocco: Trees growing on battlefields soon become accustomed to human blood, becoming predators. They catch travelers with branches and suck them dry.
Doro-ta-bo: the ghost of a peasant who has been cultivating his piece of land all his life. After the death of the owner, the lazy son abandoned the site, and he was soon sold. The spirit of the father regularly rises from the earth and demands that the field be returned to him.
inu-gami: if you tie a hungry dog, put a bowl of food in front of it so that it cannot reach it, and when the animal reaches the highest point of frenzy, cut off its head, you get inu-gami - a cruel spirit that can be set on your enemies. Inu-gami is very dangerous and can pounce on its owner.
Inu-gami. In one of the legends, a dog's head was sawn off with a blunt bamboo saw.
Ippon-datara: Spirit of a blacksmith with one leg and one eye.Isonade: giant fish. Tail knocks sailors into the water and devours them.
Ittan-momen: At first glance, it looks like a long piece of white matter floating in the night sky. Things may not come to a second glance, since this spirit likes to silently fall on a person, wrap itself around his neck and strangle him.
Itsumaden: when a person dies of hunger, he turns into a huge fire-breathing bird with a snake tail. This spirit haunts those who denied him food during his lifetime.
Kama-itachi: if you got into a storm, and then found strange cuts on your body - this is the work of kama-itachi, a storm ermine with long claws.
Kamaeosa: An old sake bottle that magically produces alcohol.
kami-kiri: A clawed spirit that attacks people in bathrooms and cuts off their hair at the root. Sometimes in this way he tries to prevent the marriage of a person with an animal or spirit.
Kappa (casambo): one of the most common Japanese perfumes. It has many faces, but always has a recess with water on its head, where all its magical power is hidden. People often deceive the kappa by bowing and forcing him to bow back, spilling water. Lives in water, loves cucumbers. It is recommended not to eat them before bathing, otherwise the kappa may smell the treat and drag you to the bottom. Naughty children are taught to bow under the pretext that it is protection from a kappa.
Kijimuna: good tree spirits. There is only one thing to piss them off - an octopus.
Kirin: sacred dragon. It differs from the Chinese chi-lin only in that it has three fingers instead of five on its paws.
kitsune: a werewolf fox, a popular character in romantic fairy tales. Often turns into a girl and starts families with people. Likes to steal and cheat. With age, foxes grow additional tails (their number can reach up to nine). Kitsune magic does not work on Taoist monks.
You can identify a kitsune by its shadow - it always has the shape of a fox.
- The Japanese believe that a cat has the greatest chance of becoming a werewolf. That is why she should not be allowed to dance, thus manifesting magical power.
- The highest chance of encountering a ghost in Japan is between 2 and 3 am in the summer, when the line between the world of the living and the dead is thinnest.
- "Kitsune" means either "always red" or "come to the bedroom". Foxes' favorite food is bean curd tofu. A person who has got rid of the obsession with the fox (penetrating him under the nails or through the chest) will have a lifelong disgust for tofu.
- Rain falling in bright sunshine is called "kitsune wedding" in Japan.
co-lady: the spirit of the old tree. Likes to repeat human words. It is because of the ko-lady that an echo appears in the forest.
Ko-dama (anime "Princess Mononoke").
konaki doji: Small child crying in the forest. If someone picks it up, the konaki-diji begins to rapidly gain weight and crushes its savior.Karakara-she: an ugly mockingbird who chases people and torments them with her laughter.
Lidara-elbows: a giant of incredible size. His footprints became lakes. Often rearranged from place to place mountains.
Namahage- "Santa Claus is the opposite." Each New Year he goes from house to house and asks if there are any naughty children. Little Japanese people who believe in Namahage panic and hide, and their parents convince the demon that their children are good, after which they pour him a hundred grams of sake.
Ningyo: Japanese mermaid - a hybrid of monkey and carp. The meat is very tasty. Having tasted it, you can extend your life for many hundreds of years. If a ningyo cries, it will turn into a human.
Noppera-bo (noperapon): A faceless spirit that frightens people.
Nuri-botoke: if you take care of the home Buddhist altar poorly, then a ghost will start up in it, similar to a black Buddha with a fish tail and protruding eyes. Every time a negligent believer wants to pray, he will be met by this monster.
They(emphasis on o): colorful demons are something like European trolls or ogres. Aggressive and evil. They fight with iron clubs. They are scared away by the smell of burnt sardines, but today in Japan it is customary to toss beans (which they hate for some reason), saying: "They - go away, happiness - come!").
Raiden's animal. Represents ball lightning. He likes to hide in people's navels, so the superstitious Japanese sleep on their stomachs during a thunderstorm.
Rokuro Kubi: ordinary women who, for some reason, underwent a partial ghostly transformation. At night, their necks begin to grow and their heads crawl around the house, doing all sorts of nasty things. Rokuro-kubi is unlucky in love - after all, men are very nervous about such night walks.
Sagari: a horse's head rattling the branches of trees. Meeting her, one could get sick (probably stuttering).
Sazae-oni: old snails turned into evil spirits. They can turn into beautiful women. There is a famous story when pirates rescued a drowning beauty. She gladly gave herself to each of them. It was soon discovered that the scrotums of the men had disappeared. Sazae-oni offered a deal: the pirates give her all their gold, and the snail returns their scrotums to them (the Japanese sometimes call this organ "golden balls", so the exchange was equivalent).
Shirime: exhibitionist ghost. He catches up with people, takes off his pants and turns his back to them. From there, an eye protrudes, after which the audience usually faints.
Soyo: funny alcoholic ghosts. Harmless.
Sune-kosuri: furry animals that throw themselves at the feet of people in a hurry and make them stumble.
Ta-naga: long-armed people of Japan, who entered into symbiosis with asi-naga(long-legged people). The first sat on the shoulders of the second and began to live together as a single organism. You won't see these giants anymore.
tanuki: werewolves-badgers (or raccoon dogs), bringing happiness. The amount of happiness is directly proportional to the size of the badger's scrotum. Tanuki are able to inflate it to an incredible size (sleep on it, take cover from the rain with it), or even turn this part of the body into a house. The only way to verify the authenticity of a badger's dwelling is to drop a burning ember on the floor. True, after this act you will no longer see happiness.
Tengu: winged werewolf people. Despite the comical, like Pinocchio, nose, they are extremely powerful and dangerous. A long time ago people were taught martial arts. If a person suffering from amnesia comes out of the forest, it means that he was kidnapped by tengu.
Futa-kushi-onna: The ever-hungry ghost of a woman with an extra mouth at the back of her head, the Japanese variant of Tantalum. The second mouth exudes profanity and uses the hair as tentacles to steal food from the woman. According to one legend, this curse was imposed on the evil stepmother, who deprived adopted children of food.
Haku-taku (bai-ze): a wise and kind creature with nine eyes and six horns. Owns human speech. Once a bai-ze was captured by the great emperor Huang Di and, in exchange for freedom, gave him all the ins and outs about his relatives (11,520 types of magical creatures). The emperor ordered the testimony to be recorded, but this bestiary, unfortunately, has not reached our time.
Hari-onago: a cannibal with a powerful shock of "live" hair, each of which ends in a sharp hook. Lives on roads. Having met a traveler, he laughs merrily. If someone laughs back, the hari-onago uses his hair.
Hito lady: particles of a person's soul that leave his body shortly before death in the form of flame clots. They fly away and fall to the ground, leaving a slimy trail.
Hitotsume-kozo: a ghost in the form of a small ten-year-old boy - bald and one-eyed. Harmless, but playful. Likes to scare people. Sometimes it can send diseases. To brave this spirit, you need to hang a basket near the door. Seeing many holes in it, the little cyclops will take them for the eyes and run away, ashamed that he has only one.
hoko: the spirit of camphor wood. Looks like a dog with a human face. Ancient chronicles claim that if a camphor tree is cut down, hoko will come out of its trunk, which can be roasted and eaten. Its meat is very tasty. Eating ghosts is a unique feature of Japanese mythology.
Yuki-she: « The Snow Queen» Japan is a pale lady who lives in the snow and freezes people with her icy breath. In erotic stories, yuki-she freezes people with a kiss, or even through the most interesting place.
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The rules of "ghost etiquette" in Japan are simple: do not keep old things at home, otherwise they will take on a soul of their own, do not travel on summer nights, do not accept anything from strangers you meet, do not laugh at them, do not be rude, and always be careful when choosing a spouse - it is quite possible that she is not the woman of your dreams, but a cunning fox or an evil fury. Even if ghosts do not exist and you live in Russia, these simple rules can still save you from unnecessary trouble.
