In January 2002, reform of the social security system began. After numerous discussions by leading experts in this field, as well as government officials, the main bills were approved and adopted. One of the key issues for the state is pension provision for citizens. The moral state of society depends on it. In addition, the pension system also reflects the economic situation of citizens. Issues of its functioning affect the financial condition of organizations and enterprises, the budgetary sphere, household incomes, and investments. Let us further consider what the pension system of the Russian Federation is today.

Relevance of the issue

The state pension system was created to protect citizens from crisis phenomena in the economy during unstable periods. This institution attracts additional funds through the resources available to enterprises and citizens. Through government regulation, a clear system of interaction is built between citizens, subjects of the country and the government as a whole.

Structure

The Russian pension system includes three main elements:

1. The base part. It is formed from the salary fund. 14% of the amount of wages goes first to the federal budget. From it, funds are transferred to the Pension Fund. This amount is distributed among social benefits and the basic part of the pension. If there is a lack of funds in the Pension Fund, the deficit is compensated by revenues from the federal budget.
2. Insurance part. It amounts to 11-14% of the salary fund. These funds go directly to the Pension Fund. The pension insurance system is used to pay the conditionally funded part. Its value depends on the average salary in the country, the citizen’s payments to the Pension Fund and length of service.
3. Accumulation part. It amounts to 2-6% of the payroll funds. This amount goes to the worker’s individual account. The size of payments in the future will depend on the employee’s transfers and the income from investing in this part.

In addition, an employer or employee can make voluntary contributions to non-state funds. Funds will also be paid from them subsequently.

Benefits of the structure

The three-tier pension system allows you to change the distribution structure of contributions. Thanks to greater differentiation, the interest of the population, especially those with high and middle incomes, in legalizing their salaries is growing. The predominance of the insurance principle helps to strengthen the sustainability of the entire pension system. By January 1, 2003, savings in the Pension Fund amounted to about 40 billion rubles (0.37% of GDP). At the same time, 1.36 billion was received as profit from the temporary placement of money in securities (government) securities. The return on these investments was about 8%. With inflation exceeding 15% in 2002, this figure means a reduction in real value pension savings.

Modern stage

Currently, the transition from the distribution to the accumulative-distribution structure of pension provision continues. The population can independently choose the fund to which they will make contributions. The implementation of this stage is carried out through a number of activities:

1. Formation regulatory framework, according to which the three-tier pension system operates.
2. Creation of a public council for investing savings.
3. Conducting competitions to select a special depository and management companies.
4. Concluding agreements between the Pension Fund of Russia and service organizations on management savings part.
5. Distribution of letters to the population about the amount of available funds in individual accounts and application forms for the selection of management companies.
6. Signing agreements on certification of signatures between several banking organizations and the Pension Fund of Russia.

The legislative framework

The provisions of regulatory legal acts formulate the main provisions in accordance with which the pension system is reformed. The purpose of the legislation is to consolidate the direction of changes and create conditions for the formation of a three-level system. Its elements complement each other, creating financial stability in old age, in the event of the loss of a breadwinner, or in the event of disability.

Basic principles

The pension system is based on:

1. Multi-structure.
2. Universality and guarantee of the basic level.
3. Differentiation of norms and conditions of support.
4. The division of powers between the supreme power and the administration of the subjects.
5. State regulation.
6. Financial stability.
7. Social partnership.

Essential elements

Legislation establishes pensions:

1. According to the age.
2. For years of service.
3. For the loss of a breadwinner.
4. Social pension.
5. Due to disability.

The pension system provides for mandatory and additional provision.

Features of formation

Establishment basic pensions carried out on the basis of the subsistence minimum. Their size is the same for everyone. These payments are intended to provide minimum security for pensioners and eliminate their poverty. The source of funding is funds from the federal budget. Compulsory pension insurance is established in addition to the basic one. These payments are differentiated depending on the citizen’s contribution to the structure. All citizens who are employed and receive income are subject to compulsory pension insurance.

Mass pensions were first introduced in 1889 in Germany by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. The first state pension fund collected money from both employees and employers. The more money a person invested in the fund, the more high pension he received in old age. In 1891 in Denmark and in 1898 in New Zealand, governments introduced pensions for those in need - this is how the authorities tried to reduce social inequality in society. By the beginning of the 20th century, two approaches to pensions had emerged:

Pension - long service benefit for former employees. Its size depended on length of service, labor and social services to society and the state.

Pension is an equal payment for people with low incomes.

Two types of pension system

Based on these two approaches, in world practice by the middle of the 20th century, funded and joint pensions were distinguished. Both types of pension systems are conditional, and in the world different years use different sources of financing and their proportions.

In the funded pension system, employees and/or employers contribute money to individual accounts. When advancing retirement age, disability or other insured event, the client begins to receive benefits. In such a system, the state only guarantees the payment of pensions.

In a solidarity system, contributions are collected from all sources into a single fund and then paid to pensioners. Depending on the sources of financing, two subtypes of the solidarity system are distinguished:

Insurance system - works like an insurance fund. All employees pay insurance premiums, which provide benefits to pensioners.

The state provision system - the pension fund is formed on the basis of budget money. The state transfers part of the earnings from the state budget to the pension fund. Citizens do not pay special contributions to the pension fund - it is formed from all state income: taxes from the population and companies, sales of raw materials, goods, technologies, services, etc.

Pension in Russia and how it was structured

The first pensions in Russia began to be paid to civil servants and military personnel in the 17th century. Later, the number of categories of citizens receiving pensions expanded until a mass pension appeared in 1964. Prior to this, in 1956, the Soviet government approved the law “On State Pensions,” under which women aged 55 and men aged 60 who did not work on collective farms could receive benefits. Eight years later, collective farmers began to receive state pensions - before that, they received benefits from artels, which organized their own funds and mutual aid funds.

Pension system (Russia)

Established by law the following types labor pensions:

1) labor pension old age;

2) labor disability pension;

3) labor pension in case of loss of a breadwinner.

The rates of insurance contributions for pension insurance are, as a percentage of the wages of the insured persons (with the exception of certain categories of policyholders for whom reduced rates are established):

1) in 2010 - 20%; at the same time, for people born in 1966 and older, all 20% is used to finance the insurance part of the labor pension, and for people born in 1967 and younger, 14% is used to finance the insurance part, and 6% is used to finance the funded part of the labor pension;

2) starting from 2011 - 26%; at the same time, for persons born in 1966 and older, all 26% are used to finance the insurance part of the labor pension, and for persons born in 1967 and younger, 20% are used to finance the insurance part, and 6% are used to finance the funded part of the labor pension.

From January 1, 2010, insurance premiums are not collected from wages received from one employer and exceeding 415 thousand rubles.

Labor old-age pension

Men who have reached the age of 60 and women who have reached the age of 55 have the right to an old-age labor pension, provided that they have at least five years of insurance period. Certain categories of citizens specified in Articles 27, 27.1 and 28 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in Russian Federation", have the right to early assignment of a labor pension.

An old-age labor pension may consist of the following parts:

1) insurance part;

2) the storage part.

Until January 1, 2010, there was also a basic part of the old-age labor pension, but from January 1, 2010, it was combined with the insurance part due to the abolition of the unified social tax.

The size of the old-age labor pension is determined as the sum of its insurance and funded parts.

Insurance part

The size of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension is determined by the formula:

SCh = PC / T + B, where

MF - insurance part old-age labor pension;

PC - the amount of the estimated pension capital of the insured person, taken into account as of the day from which the specified person is assigned the insurance part of the old-age labor pension;

T - the number of months of the expected period of payment of the old-age labor pension used to calculate the insurance part of the specified pension, amounting to 19 years (228 months);

B - fixed base amount of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension, which is 2,562 rubles per month (with the exception of persons who have reached the age of 80 years or are disabled people of group I, and persons with dependent disabled family members, which is established by an increased base amount of the insurance part labor pension).

PC is determined by the formula:

PC = PC1 + SV + PC2, where

PC1 - part of the estimated pension capital of the insured person, calculated to assess the pension rights of the insured persons as of January 1, 2002;

SV - the amount of valorization (increase in the size of PC1 from January 1, 2010), which is 10 percent of the value of PC1 and, in addition, 1 percent of the value of PC1 for each full year total work experience acquired before January 1, 1991.

PC2 - the amount of insurance premiums and other revenues to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for the insured person starting from January 1, 2002.

PC1 is calculated by the formula:

PC1 = (RP - 450 rubles) x T, where

RP - the estimated size of the labor pension;

450 rubles - the amount of the basic part of the old-age labor pension, which was established by the legislation of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2002;

T - 228 months.

RP is determined in one of the three following procedures at the choice of the insured person and cannot be lower than 660 rubles:

1) RP = SK x ZR / ZP x SZP, where

SC - length of service coefficient, which for men with a common seniority at least 25 years, and for women with a total work experience of at least 20 years, is 0.55 and increases by 0.01 for each full year of total work experience in excess of the specified duration, but not more than 0.20;

ZR - the average monthly earnings of the insured person for 2000-2001 or for any 60 consecutive months of work;

ZP - average monthly salary in the Russian Federation for the same period (for 2000-2001 it is 1494 rubles 50 kopecks);

SWP - average monthly salary in the Russian Federation for the period from July 1 to September 30, 2001 (1,671 rubles 00 kopecks);

(ZR / ZP) is taken into account in an amount not exceeding 1.2.

2) RP = ZR x SK, where ZR and SK mean the same values ​​as in the first formula. In this case, the RP, if there is a total work experience of 25 years for men and 20 years for women, cannot exceed an amount equal to 555 rubles 96 kopecks. For each full year exceeding 25 years for men and 20 years for women, the specified amount increases by 1 percent, but not more than by 20 percent.

3) For persons who, as of December 31, 2001, had a labor pension established as the RP, the amount of one pension established for them is accepted, taking into account increases and compensation payments in connection with the increase in the cost of living in the Russian Federation, using the appropriate regional coefficient.

The estimated pension capital and the size of the insurance part of the labor pension are subject to periodic indexation in accordance with the level of price growth and the increase in the level of average monthly wages.

In accordance with the Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2009 No. 248, of March 25, 2008 No. 205, of March 27, 2007 No. 183, of March 24, 2006 No. 166, of July 11, 2005 No. 417, of March 15, 2004 No. 141, from .03. 2003 No. 152, the estimated pension capital was increased from 2002 to 2008 by 3,423 times.

Example 1. A man aged 22 years begins working on January 1, 2010 and works continuously until he reaches retirement age - 60 years. His salary is 30 thousand rubles. per month (before tax) and increases annually in accordance with the level of price growth. The annual salary will be 360 ​​thousand rubles. and will not exceed the established maximum of 415 thousand rubles. Contributions to finance the insurance part of the pension amount to 4.2 thousand rubles. per month in 2010 (14% of 30 thousand rubles) and 6 thousand rubles. per month starting from 2011 (20% of 30 thousand rubles). Since the man did not work until January 1, 2002, to determine the amount of the estimated pension capital, only PC2 is taken into account, the size of which in 2010 prices will be: 4.2 x 12 x 1 + 6 x 12 x (60 - 23) = 2,714, 4 thousand rubles. The basic amount of the insurance part of the labor pension will be 2,562 rubles per month (in 2010 prices). Thus, the insurance part of the old-age labor pension in 2010 prices will be 2,714,400 / 228 + 2,562 = 14,467 rubles.

Example 2. The man retired in 2000, having a total work experience of 38 years. Until January 1, 1991, he worked for 28 years. Average monthly earnings in 2000-2001 were 5,000 rubles. The pension amount as of December 31, 2001 was 1,450 rubles.

We calculate RP in three ways:

1) since ZR / ZP = 5,000 / 1,494.50 = 3.35 exceeds 1.2, then ZR / ZP is taken in the amount of 1.2. RP = 0.75 x 1.2 x 1,671 = RUB 1,503.90;

2) RP = 5,000 x 0.75 = 3,750 rubles. Since this amount exceeds 555.96 x 1.2 = 667.15, then 667.15 rubles are taken as the RP.

3) RP = 1,450 rub.

The RP is the maximum according to the first calculation method, which is why the pensioner chooses this calculation method.

PC1 = (1,503.90 - 450) x 228 = 240,289.20, and taking into account indexing, PC1 = 822,510.61. CB = 822,510.61 x 0.38 = 312,554.03. PC2 is missing, so PC = 822,510.61 + 312,554.03 = 1,135,064.64.

The labor pension since 2010 is equal to 1,135,064.64 / 228 + 2,562 = 7,540.35 rubles.

Cumulative part

The size of the funded part of the old-age labor pension is determined by the formula:

LF = PN / T, where

LF - the size of the funded part of the old-age labor pension;

PN - the amount of pension savings of the insured person, recorded in the special part of his individual personal account as of the day from which he is assigned the cumulative part of the old-age labor pension;

T is the number of months of the expected period of payment of the old-age labor pension, which is 228 months.

The size of the labor disability pension is determined by the formula:

P = PC / (T x K) + B, where

P - the size of the labor disability pension;

PC - the amount of the estimated pension capital of the insured person (disabled person), taken into account as of the day from which he is assigned a disability retirement pension;

T - the number of months of the expected period of payment of the old-age labor pension (228 months);

K - the ratio of the standard duration of the insurance period (in months) as of the specified date to 180 months. The standard duration of the insurance period until a disabled person reaches the age of 19 is 12 months and increases by 4 months for each full year of age starting from 19 years, but not more than up to 180 months;

B - fixed basic size of the labor disability pension, which for persons who do not have dependent disabled family members is 5,124 rubles for group I. per month, for group II - 2,562 rubles. per month; for group III - 1,281 rubles. per month.

Example. Let's take the conditions from example 1 when calculating the insurance part of the old-age pension and assume that on January 1, 2013, a man becomes a Group I disabled person. PC on January 1, 2013 (in 2010 prices) will be 4.2 x 12 x 1 + 6 x 12 x 2 = 194.4 thousand rubles. K will be (12 + 4 x 7) / 180 = 0.2222. Accordingly, the disability pension in 2010 prices is equal to 194,400 / (228 x 0.2222) + 5,124 = 8,961 rubles.

Labor pension in case of loss of a breadwinner

Disabled family members of the deceased breadwinner who were dependent on him have the right to a labor pension in the event of the loss of a breadwinner. The specified pension is assigned to one of the parents or spouse regardless of whether or not they were dependent on the deceased breadwinner.

The size of the labor pension in the event of the loss of a breadwinner (with the exception of the labor pension in the event of the loss of a breadwinner for children who have lost both parents, or the children of a deceased single mother) for each disabled member of the family of the deceased breadwinner is determined by the formula:

P = PC / (T x K) / KN + B, where

P - the amount of labor pension in case of loss of a breadwinner;

PC - the amount of the estimated pension capital of the deceased breadwinner, recorded as of the day of his death;

T - the number of months of the expected period of payment of the old-age pension (228 months);

K is the ratio of the standard duration of the breadwinner's insurance period (in months) as of the day of his death to 180 months. The standard duration of the insurance period until the deceased breadwinner reaches the age of 19 is 12 months and increases by 4 months for each full year of age starting from 19 years, but not more than up to 180 months;

KN - the number of disabled family members of the deceased breadwinner who are recipients of the specified pension established in connection with the death of this breadwinner as of the day from which a labor pension in the event of the loss of a breadwinner is assigned to the corresponding disabled family member;

B - fixed basic size of labor pension in case of loss of a breadwinner, which is 1,281 rubles. per month.

Example. Let's take the conditions from example 1 when calculating the insurance part of the old-age pension and assume that on January 1, 2013, a man dies at the age of 25. At the same time, the man is left with able-bodied parents, an able-bodied wife and a daughter aged 3 years. In this case, only the daughter has the right to receive a labor pension in case of loss of a breadwinner, that is, KN ​​= 1. PC as of January 1, 2013 (in 2010 prices) will be 4.2 x 12 x 1 + 6 x 12 x 2 = 194.4 thousand rubles. K will be (12 + 4 x 7) / 180 = 0.2222. Accordingly, the survivor's pension in 2010 prices is equal to 194,400 / (228 x 0.2222) + 1,281 = 5,118 rubles.

State pension- monthly government cash payment, which is provided to citizens in order to compensate them for earnings (income) lost due to the termination of the federal government civil service upon reaching the length of service established by law when receiving an old-age (disability) pension; or for the purpose of compensating lost earnings for citizens from among the cosmonauts or from among the flight test personnel in connection with retirement for long service; or for the purpose of compensation for damage caused to the health of citizens during military service, as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, in the event of disability or loss of a breadwinner, upon reaching the legal age; or disabled citizens in order to provide them with a means of subsistence.

The law establishes the following types of pensions for state pension provision:

1) long service pension;

2) old age pension;

3) disability pension;

4) survivor's pension;

5) social pension.

Long service pension

Federal civil servants have the right to a long service pension if they have at least 15 years of experience in the state civil service and have held a position in the federal state civil service for at least 12 full months upon dismissal from the federal state civil service. The long-service pension is established in addition to the old-age (disability) pension and is paid simultaneously with it.

Persons who have served in military service, service in internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, bodies for control of the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, institutions and bodies of the penal system are entitled to a pension for length of service if they have length of service on the day of dismissal from service 20 years or more; and persons dismissed from service upon reaching the age limit for being in service, for health reasons or in connection with organizational and staffing measures and who have reached the age of 45 on the day of dismissal, having a total work experience of 25 calendar years or more, of which at least 12 years six months consists of military service and other specified service.

Non-state pension

Non-state pension- funds regularly paid to the participant in accordance with the terms of the pension agreement. Pension agreement is an agreement between a non-state pension fund and a contributor to a non-state pension fund (NPF), according to which the investor undertakes to pay pension contributions to the NPF, and the NPF undertakes to pay a non-state pension to the fund participant(s).

Notes

1. Article 2 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
2. Article 5 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
3. Clauses 19 and 29 of the Federal Law of July 24, 2009 No. 213-FZ "On amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the recognition as invalid of certain legislative acts (provisions of legislative acts) of the Russian Federation in connection with the adoption of the Federal Law "On insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and territorial compulsory medical insurance funds"
4. Clause 4 of Article 8 of the Federal Law of July 24, 2009 No. 212-FZ “On insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and territorial compulsory medical insurance funds”
5. Article 7 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
6. Clause 2 of Article 5 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
7. Federal Law of July 24, 2009 No. 213-FZ "On amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the recognition as invalid of certain legislative acts (provisions of legislative acts) of the Russian Federation in connection with the adoption of the Federal Law "On insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and territorial compulsory medical insurance funds"
8. Clause 25 of Article 14 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
9. Clauses 1 and 2 of Article 14 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
10. Clause 1 of Article 29.1 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
11. Clause 1 of Article 30 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”
12. Clauses 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of Article 30 of the Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation”:

The Russian pension system is currently in a state of reform and modernization. New institutions are being formed: basic pensions, pension insurance, funded and professional pensions. This entails a change in the parameters and structure of the pension system, the content of legal relations and requires the creation of new financial and organizational mechanisms. IN legal regulation The ratio of public and private principles is being transformed in relation to issues of property, pension savings, acquisition and sale of pension rights, as well as the activities of an expanding range of subjects. Under these conditions it is necessary increased attention To international standards, compliance with which is an obligation of Russia, as well as the positive experience of foreign countries.

The economic stability and social efficiency of the pension system are directly affected by both long-term demographic processes and medium-term macroeconomic trends, as well as short-term purely subjective political decisions. In turn, this objectively requires a permanent update of specific legal, economic and organizational conditions for interaction between insured persons, insured employers (legal entities and individuals) with the state insurer (Pension Fund of the Russian Federation). The forms and methods of interaction between participants in the pension insurance system depend on numerous factors that determine their development.

In our country at the present time there is a combination of the most unfavorable factors for the pension system: against the backdrop of the economic crisis of the transition period, all parts of the national economic complex are being reformed, one of the elements of which is the state pension system. At the same time, the country is entering an era of deep demographic crisis. At the same time, the primary task of the state within the framework of the pension insurance system is to maintain the purchasing power of pensions regardless of changes in economic and socio-political conditions, especially during periods of unstable economic and social development.

Currently in Russia the size of pensions, including old-age pensions, is quite low. Very often the level material support in old age does not correspond to the employee’s contribution during his period labor activity.

All these factors increased the need to reform the pension system of the Russian Federation in order to more fully adapt to specific economic conditions.

This makes my thesis.

Today, the appearance of the Russian pension system is gradually changing: the market for additional pension provision is developing, and the state pension sector is being transformed. In 2002, the savings of the country's working population were personified; in 2003, Russian citizens received the right to choose management company, r 2004 - non-state pension fund. Providing citizens with the opportunity to influence the size of their pension by managing its funded part is the most significant aspect of the ongoing reform. For the first time, the population was asked to share responsibility for their future with the state.

The axiom of the new pension system in Russia is the following statement: the well-being of old age is a personal problem for each person. The state is responsible only for the basic part of the pension. The size of the insurance and savings parts determines the personal earnings of citizens. The higher a person’s official earnings, the more money he will accumulate for his future pension.

For citizens retiring after 2012, pensions will consist of three parts: basic, insurance and funded. Exactly savings part people will be able to invest the pensions that began to form for this category of citizens in 2002.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the modern pension system of the Russian Federation and directions for its reform.

In accordance with the goal, the following work tasks are set:

1. Study the theoretical issues of formation of the pension system of the Russian Federation;

2. Consider the essential characteristics of the pension system of the Russian Federation;

3. Study the principles of formation of the pension system of the Russian Federation;

4. Consider the legal support of the pension system;

5. Conduct an analysis of the pension system of the Russian Federation: sources of income from the Pension Fund budget and directions for spending funds of the Pension Fund;

6. Conduct an analysis of the activities of the non-state Pension Fund in Russia;

7. Consider foreign experience in the formation of pension systems and the possibility of its adaptation in Russia;

8. Study the prospects for the development of the pension system of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and six appendices.

The first chapter covers theoretical issues of the formation of the pension system of the Russian Federation.

In the second chapter, an analysis of the pension system of the Russian Federation is carried out: the sources of income of the Pension Fund budget and the directions of spending the funds of the Pension Fund.

The third chapter contains an analysis of foreign experience and the possibilities of its adaptation in Russia and identifies prospects for the development of the pension system of the Russian Federation.

The modern pension system is a set of legal, organizational, managerial and financial-economic relations between employees and individual entrepreneurs, other categories of citizens whose activities are aimed at generating income (or material benefit), on the one hand, employers, on the other hand, and also all other categories of citizens who do not participate in economic activities, and the state - on the third. These relations are designed to ensure the implementation of long-term state obligations to provide pensions to all citizens.

The organizational, managerial and financial activities of the pension system are based on the constitutional and legislative rights of every citizen to receive financial support upon reaching the legal age or another insured event that entails the inability to work. This type of material support for citizens during old age or another reason for loss of ability to work is called a pension.

In terms of its socio-economic content, the concept of pension (and in the case of compulsory Pension Insurance - labor pension) is a special form cash payment citizens, which must adequately compensate for the amount of earnings or other regular income from labor or other socially useful activities that were spent due to the age established by law (old age), disability, loss of a breadwinner, or for other reasons also provided for by law. Thus, the concept of a pension has a combined financial-insurance and social-labor nature, which fundamentally distinguishes it, on the one hand, from banking, corporate and other methods of obtaining cash income in the form of dividends, depending only on the amount of capital, and on the other hand, from various types state social benefits that depend solely on social need (need) or on special merits to the state.

In accordance with the current pension legislation of the Russian Federation, labor and state pensions are currently assigned and paid (social pensions, pensions for civil servants (for length of service) and conscripts, war veterans and widows of the dead, disability pensions from military trauma and from general diseases affected by nuclear and chemical disasters, etc.).

The grounds for compulsory pension provision are:

Achieving the appropriate retirement age (old-age labor pension);

Listen

Today, a broad legislative framework, taking into account any possible nuances, determines such an important aspect of the life of every citizen of our country as the state pension system of the Russian Federation. The reform that appeared in 2001 concerning pensions contributed to the adoption of the Federal Law on the need for pension insurance. Since 2002, the pension system has become what we know it today.

Structure of the pension system of the Russian Federation

PThe RF pension system is- is a set of laws whose task is to support and organize the regular transfer of funds for persons who have already retired.

The state pension system is divided into three main groups:

• State pension provision. The state organization responsible for paying pensions is the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Pensions from the state are transferred to citizens from the federal budget, distribution is carried out among narrow segments of the population.
• Mandatory pension insurance. These are payments from the Pension Fund or Non-State Pension Company. This is a labor pension provided to most working people. The accumulation of funds is carried out from mandatory insurance contributions, which are transferred by the employer to the Pension Fund.
• This system is maintained by private Pension Funds and can be individual or corporate. Any person or organization that decides to enter into a separate agreement with a non-state pension fund and ensure a higher standard of living in retirement can receive such payments. Such a service is paid for by the pension contributions of an individual or a company that provides additional protection for the funds of its employees.

In these three groups, a number of specific features can be established, each individual provision works according to certain principles, capable of providing people with a variety of security options in retirement.

It is worth paying close attention to the structure of the system for calculating and issuing pensions in the Russian Federation.

pension insurance			pension provision		non-state pension provision
labor pensions			state pensions		additional pensions
varieties and causes
elderly age	loss of a family member responsible for income		elderly age; disability; loss of a breadwinner; length of service; social pension.		until the end of life; urgent
	disability
insurance; cumulative.	insurance
financing
from insurance contributions paid by the employer to the Pension Fund budget		from the federal budget		from voluntary contributions of the employee and employer
insurance organizations
Pension Fund or NPR (funding part only)		Pension Fund		Non-state Fund

How does the state pension system work?

The purpose of state pension provision is to accrue the basic part:

• long service pensions;

State pension provision is financed from the federal budget. This is done from the amounts of the single social tax, for the transfer of which the employer is responsible.

The state pension system consists of two parts:

• state pension provision;
• state pension insurance.

Aspects of compulsory insurance

The main thing in the insurance system that ensures compulsory pension payment is the creation of a certain reserve of funds through the employer’s constant transfer of a certain amount to the employee’s personal account:

• in the Pension Fund of Russia;
• at the Non-State Pension Fund.

A citizen’s pension savings can be increased as a result of their competent management and through proper investment. In particular, by concluding an agreement with a non-state pension fund, and also as a result of independent additional pension contributions under the state pension co-financing program or additional pension provision.

So, now we can consider the funds allocated to retired persons as the sum of three components, which are the mandatory pension systems of the Russian Federation:

• Cumulative;
• Additional.

What is the essence of private pension funds?

Non-state pension provision is engaged in creating additional support for the elderly population, using money invested by interested people, as well as from payments from employers. Thus, additional pension is formed and paid from the amounts of transferred pension contributions.

In accordance with federal law No. 350-FZ of October 3, 2018 in Russia, a gradual increase in the generally established age begins, which gives the right to receive an old-age insurance pension and a state security pension. The changes will occur in stages over a long transition period of 10 years, ending in 2028. As a result, the retirement age will be raised by 5 years and set at 60 years for women and 65 years for men. In 2018, the retirement age for women was 55 years, and the retirement age for men was 60 years.

To gradually increase the retirement age, a long transition period of 10 years is provided (from 2019 to 2028). Adaptation to the new parameters of the retirement age in the first few years of the transition period is also ensured by a special benefit - the assignment of a pension six months earlier than the new retirement age. It is provided for those who were supposed to retire in 2019 and 2020 under the previous legislation. These are women born in 1964–1965 and men born in 1959–1960. Thanks to the benefit, pensions on new grounds will be assigned as early as 2019: for women aged 55.5 years and men at age 60.5 years.

Throughout the transition period, the requirements for length of service and pension points necessary for the assignment of an old-age insurance pension continue to apply. Thus, in 2019, retirement requires at least 10 years of experience and 16.2 pension points.