The level of social responsibility of the state can be easily assessed by the quality of life of pensioners. After all, a pension is, in essence, a citizen’s reward for decades of economic activity. This remuneration is quite burdensome for the budget, and the amount of expenses for the pension system speaks about the social status of the state better than any statements by officials. In this article we will analyze the standard of living of pensioners in different countries world, including in Russia.

USA

The United States is home to 325 million people, the third largest in the world. Of these, more than 42 million people are on pensions - 13% of the population. Retirement age in the United States ranges from 65 to 67 years, depending on the year of birth. You can also retire early - at age 62, but then the pension will be incomplete and will remain so for the rest of your life. On average, American men become pensioners at 67 years old, women at 65.

The average life expectancy in the US is 77 years for men and 81.5 years for women, so the average American has 10-15 years of worry-free retirement. It may seem that the average American pension of just over $1,400 cannot be enough to live a carefree life in the United States. However, there are a huge number of all kinds of social programs operating there. These include extensive discounts in stores and hotels, and supplements to payments at the state and federal government levels.

China

In terms of population, this is a record-breaking country - 1 billion 380 million people. How many of them are pensioners is difficult to determine due to the opacity of Chinese statistics and the vagueness of the definition of a pensioner. The mere fact that a Chinese person has reached retirement age does not mean that he will be considered a pensioner. For example, rural residents do not receive pensions at all.

In general, retirement age in China it is set at 60 years for men and 50-55 years for women. Average life expectancy is 74.5 and 77.5 years respectively, so a typical Chinese resident can expect 15-20 years of rest. Size pension payments varies greatly from profession to profession, from province to province. On average it's about $250. However, no benefits are provided for pensioners.

Japan

Almost 127 million people, of which more than 20% are pensioners, and this number is growing rapidly - Japan is rapidly aging. This leads to enormous financial burdens on the state. The situation is aggravated by the highest average life expectancy in the world: 80.5 years for men and almost 87 years for women. Moreover, the retirement age is not so high - 65 years for both sexes. This means that the average Japanese person lives in retirement for 15-20 years.

Upon retirement, a Japanese resident receives lump sum payment in the amount of his salary for his entire work experience at this enterprise. Taking into account how rarely the Japanese change jobs, the amounts are more than impressive. The further pension consists of two components: the basic part provided by the state, and accumulative part, consisting of contributions from the employee himself. The result is an average pension of $1,500.

Israel

This miniature country is home to only 8 million 860 thousand people, while Israel is a fairly young country - there are only a little more than 10% of pensioners here, which is less than 1 million people. The high birth rate and small number of old people, which is atypical for highly developed countries, allows the state to take good care of pensioners. As a result, men live here on average 80.5 years, and women - 84 years. They become pensioners at 67 and 64 years old, respectively, and live another 13-20 years.

Israel is a country of immigrants with relatively short story Therefore, pensions here are formed in a specific way. Maximum pensions receive those Israelis who have worked in the country for more than 30 years. Workers with 10 to 30 years of experience receive less. Others can only count on basic payments. However, there is also a separate old-age benefit, all together this gives an average pension of $1,800.

Germany

The population is more than 82 million people. For several decades now, the birth rate in Germany has been lower than the death rate, so the society is aging rapidly. There are 23% of pensioners here, or almost 19 million people. At the same time, the average life expectancy is 80 years for men and 86 years for women, and both retire at 65 years. That is, people are guaranteed 15-20 years of rest.

Pension accruals are calculated using a rather complex formula; the final amount depends on a number of parameters, up to marital status and places of residence. On average, women receive a significantly smaller pension than men: 590 euros versus 1,020 euros. Interestingly, in East Germany the average female pension is 840 euros.

France

The country is inhabited by almost 67 million people, and this number is constantly growing not only due to immigration, but also to natural growth, which is very rare for highly developed countries. Almost 16.5% of the population or 11 million people can be classified as elderly people aged 65+. But there are slightly more pensioners, because in France people retire at 62.5 years old. A truly ridiculous figure for a country with an average life expectancy of 79.5 years for men and 85.5 years for women.

These 18-23 years of life in retirement are well provided by the state, which has provided a wide package of benefits, bonuses and other social benefits. The average French pension is 1,000 euros, and can range from 500 euros for newly arrived immigrants and the unemployed, to 2,000 euros for workers with more than 40 years of experience.

Great Britain

The population is more than 64 million 700 thousand people; the country is characterized by near-zero natural growth. There are 15.8% pensioners here, or more than 10 million people. British men live on average 79.5 years, women - 83 years. Both retire at age 65, but women can become pensioners as early as 60 if they were born before 1950. Thus, British pensioners live 20-23 years.

Pension payments in the UK are multi-stage: the first level is the state pension, which is paid to everyone without exception who has reached retirement age, the second level is the funded part, which is paid by the state or a private fund. State pension - over 600 pounds, the funded part can vary greatly. The final average pension is more than £1,500.

Finland

The “Land of Lakes” is inhabited by a little more than 5.5 million people. The number of residents is growing, but this is happening solely due to immigrants - the natural increase here is negative. So the country's population is aging, the number of elderly people reaches 16.8% or almost 1 million people. With an average life expectancy of 78 years for men and 84 years for women, people retire here at 65 years old.

Life in retirement lasts, on average, 13-19 years, but this period can be extended due to the opportunity to retire earlier while receiving a reduced pension. Typically, Finns tend to work longer in order to gain more experience. Average pension in Finland exceeds 1,500 euros, and from 2017 it will increase steadily every 3 months.

Russia

More than 146 million 800 thousand people live in Russia, the population is growing due to natural growth and immigration. More than 13% of the population, or over 19 million people, are older people aged 65 years and above. The average life expectancy in Russia is 64.5 years for men and 76.5 years for women. Russians retire at 60 and 55 years old, respectively.

Thus, a Russian pensioner lives, on average, from 4 to 11 years. During these few years, he can count on payments consisting of two parts: basic and cumulative. The first is guaranteed by the state regardless of work experience, the second is made up of contributions from the citizen himself. The final average Russian pension is 13,700 rubles, or just over $240.

How does one live on retirement in different countries?

Photo: pixabay.com

First of all, you need to understand that it is incorrect to compare the above amounts directly. Different countries have very different costs of living. For example, $100 monthly income in the US is below the poverty line, while in Uganda it is the level of a rich person. Israel is a much more expensive country compared to Russia. Therefore, comparisons only make any sense if they are made at purchasing power parity (PPP).

We will do this: take the GDP at PPP of each country, divide it by nominal GDP, and get a certain coefficient. By multiplying the pension amount by this coefficient, we will obtain a more objective pension value in US dollars, already in relation to the cost of living in the country:

• US $1441
• China $484
• Japan $1802
• Israel $1950
• Germany $1466
• France $1368
• UK $1935
• Finland $1840
• Russia $588

As you can see, even when recalculated taking into account purchasing power parity, Russian pensions are far from pensions in developed countries. In addition, you need to take into account the quality side of life - receiving a thousand dollar pension, living in a clean European village with developed infrastructure and healthcare, is not at all the same as receiving even the same amount, but living in a Russian village without roads, entertainment and normal medical care.

The public pension in Japan was introduced in 1942. It received the name public because only a third was subsidized by the state. The remaining two-thirds came from employee and employer contributions. Last, and very important, pension reform in Japan was carried out in 1985. Its main achievement was the introduction of basic pensions. Since 1986, any citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, gender, type of activity and income level, has the right to a basic pension for old age, disability and in the event of the loss of a breadwinner.

Types of pensions: old age and professional

Today, Japan’s rather complex pension provision can be divided into 2 main levels: 1st - basic pensions, 2nd - state (public) and professional. In addition, there are a number of other options various types pensions. But the basis is the same - state social insurance.

The basic pension covers the entire population and is set every year at a fixed amount, which is increased in accordance with the rise in prices over the past year. It is prescribed at 65 years of age. At the same time, there is a flexible scheme that allows you to retire from the age of 60, but in this case citizens receive it in a reduced amount (by 25%). For those who continue to work after 65 years of age, the pension increases annually. By age 70, the pension increases by 25%. The average pension in Japan is approximately 67 thousand yen (700 US dollars).

Level 2 consists of professional pensions. These pensions are financed by contributions from employers and employees in proportion to average monthly earnings (about 5% of the employee’s salary), as well as by compulsory pension insurance. The pension is calculated depending on which system pension provision belongs to the recipient, and for how many years he has made contributions. For example, former civil servants receive approximately 2/5 of the previous average monthly income. The average pension in Japan reaches 60% of earnings.

In addition, the dismissed person is given a one-time payment equal to his salary multiplied by the number of years worked. We should not forget about saving for old age.

What do Japanese pensioners do after they retire?

The Japanese are the longest living nation. There are a large number of people living in Japan healthy people, whose age has exceeded one hundred, the average life length of the Japanese is 80 years. This means that upon retirement a person has about 20 (or even more) years of free life. How do Japanese retirees spend these years?

Japanese retirees are super active people who love and know how to enjoy life. They see retirement as an opportunity to finally fulfill long-held dreams: they travel the world, go to photography school, learn how to cook foreign foods, grow fresh vegetables, volunteer or learn languages. Japanese pensioners attach great importance to physical activity and maintaining excellent physical shape. They can be found in hiking clubs, swimming pools and gyms. They go hiking with friends or just walk.

But not all Japanese residents are happy to reach retirement age. Many of them need to work because the state pension is not enough. 1/3 of working pensioners are employed in agriculture, the rest in the service sector. 1/5 of pensioners live below the poverty line. Some even have to sleep in the open air and rely only on humanitarian organizations handing out free food. Japan is the world leader in the number of suicides, of which a third occur among people of retirement age.

It follows that the existing pension system in Japan is on the verge of a serious crisis. And many Japanese, from a young age, begin to pay close attention to personal savings, without much hope for the state.

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Do they pay pensions in Japan?

​Basic contributions are accrued to pensioners who have reached​ the Federal Law “On​

​ (disability) or pension
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Pension payments are one of the key budget expenditure items in Japan. How does the state cope with providing for older citizens in the context of a relatively low retirement age threshold and significant life expectancy?

Historical reforms

The government system of regular payments to the elderly was introduced in Japan in 1942. A third of the amount of payments under the “public pensions” program was provided by the state budget, the rest was formed from contributions from employed citizens and individual entrepreneurs. In fact, the system of providing for the elderly population began to work only after the reform of 1954, when the Japanese economy stabilized and emerged from the post-war crisis.

According to the updated legislation of 1954 monthly payments guaranteed to all working Japanese over 60 years of age. The pension fund was subsidized by the state, its main part made up of contributions from employed citizens and employers (in a 50/50 ratio). The tax rate of contributions to the fund gradually increased: in 1961 the tax was 3.5% of wages, in 1996 it was already 16.5%.

In 1961, an additional reform guaranteed the receipt of pensions for those categories of citizens who were not subject to the conditions of the previous version of the law (for example, private entrepreneurs, lawyers, members of the intelligentsia - self-employed persons who do not receive a fixed and constant salary). All Japanese citizens are entitled to receive a national pension.

Problems of pension insurance

Japan leads in the number of citizens of retirement age. The percentage of pensioners increased significantly after the retirement of those born in 1947-1949 (during the period of maximum fertility). At the same time, the population growth rate has been steadily decreasing in recent decades. Life expectancy in Japan in 2000 was 85.2 and 78.3 years (women and men, respectively). By 2030, this is expected to increase to 89.4 and 82.4 years. In 2010, the ratio of the number of working-age Japanese to pensioners was 38%, the expected figure by 2030 is 57%.

Providing benefits for pensioners in Japan and spending on related payments (medical assistance, care for the elderly, etc.) amount to up to 55% of the budget for all social programs. With a budget deficit of 10% (for 2010), the government is faced with the task of optimizing spending while maintaining the level of protection for people of retirement age. Annually for subsidies pension fund About 2% of GDP is spent.

Structure of pension payments

The total amount of social pension payments in Japan is equal to 10.6% of GDP (as of 2010). Pension provision is guaranteed to persons who have reached a certain age, as well as to citizens who have lost their breadwinner or have lost their ability to work.

The pension insurance fund is formed from contributions from the employed population and companies. All citizens over 20 years of age are required to participate in the program. Payers are divided into 3 groups:

• private entrepreneurs and their supported spouses;
• employees of private corporations and employees of public sector enterprises;
• spouses of employees belonging to the second group.

Persons in the first category are covered by the state insurance program and pay fixed contributions. For Japanese people working for private institutions, corporate pension programs are provided. Pension programs of individual mutual aid associations are available to employees of state-owned companies. Employees and employing companies pay income tax (in the amount of wages) in equal proportions. Persons in the third group are exempt from contributions.

There is a possibility of temporary exemption from social contributions (in the absence of income or profit below the minimum wage). The level of income must be documented by submitting documents to an analogue branch of the pension fund. If the application for temporary exemption from paying contributions to the insurance fund is approved, the citizen continues to count his work experience.

Basic pension

All Japanese over a certain age are entitled to receive a monthly basic pension. The amount of payments is fixed and subject to revision.

The retirement age in Japan is quite low - 65 years (for both sexes). 50% of the base rate is financed by the state, another half comes from a savings fund formed from contributions from the employed population (the source depends on the category to which the pensioner belongs). If the size of a separate fund is insufficient to pay maintenance to all pensioners, additional funding is provided from the Reserve Fund.

The basic pension is on average 73% of the pensioner's monthly financial income. The minimum payout amount is about $600. The average pension in Japan (basic) is about $700.

The full rate is paid to persons who retire upon reaching retirement age (65 years) and have paid pension contributions for a total of at least 25 years (for example, 5 years as a student, 10 as a housewife and another 10 after employment with a company ).

The possibility of earlier retirement is provided - from 60 to 64 years. At the same time, the amount of pension payments is reduced by 25%. If you continue working until age 70, the pension rises by 25% (for each additional year of work after reaching retirement age, there is an increase of 5% of the base rate).

Additional pension

The amount of the additional payment to the base rate depends on the citizen’s income level during the period of working activity. For example, employees of government agencies can count on 40% of their salary.

Payments of additional amounts are provided by a mutual aid association or corporate pension insurance fund. Only persons belonging to the second group - hired employees or civil servants - can apply for this part of the pension.

The total monthly income of a pensioner in Japan is approximately 60% of the average salary in the country. The average total pension amount is about $1,500.
Upon retirement, a Japanese citizen receives a one-time benefit. The amount of payment is calculated individually: the average salary is multiplied by the number of years length of service in company. The benefit is paid by the employing corporation. The amount can be quite significant, since Japan has a developed culture of loyalty to the employer: many citizens do not change companies from their first job until retirement, children often work in the same corporations as their parents.

Individual pension

Numerous private pension funds allow Japanese citizens to create their own financial assets. The choice of an insurance company or banking institution is made at individual discretion. Payments to the fund are made individually in an arbitrary amount and do not relieve you from the obligation to participate in national and corporate insurance programs. There is no state regulation of participation in additional pension programs.

The reserve of the Japanese pension fund is the largest in the world among similar structures. The institution has the right to conduct economic activities and can generate additional profits through investment operations, which allows increasing the volume of pension reserves. Innovations in the medical field contribute to a steady increase in the average life expectancy of citizens. Basic size pension payments are indexed according to current economic indicators. At the same time, the number of the working population is reduced due to a decrease in the birth rate, which means a decrease in tax injections into the general insurance fund.

A combination of factors encourages the government to look for ways to resolve the potential crisis. One option is to raise the retirement age threshold (in most developed countries, citizens stop working at 67-69 years old). Thanks to increased pensions and special features national culture many Japanese continue labor activity up to 70 years old. However, not all companies encourage employees to work as long as possible. Older workers are a source of additional financial burden on the budget of corporations that are forced to pay increased pensions.

Despite all the potential financing difficulties, pensioners are one of the most protected categories of the population. Pension system in Japan allows the state to remain among the top ten leading countries in terms of the level of provision for older citizens.

Only the residents of Japan can be absolutely confident in their future; even in old age they are not threatened with poverty. The government made sure in advance that in case of any crisis or cataclysm, pension payments would be enough for 5 years in advance. Not every developed country can boast of such achievements; there’s nothing to say about third world countries, so today we’ll talk about pensions in Japan.

Social Security: Features

Pensions in Japan began to be paid in 1942. At that time it was called a public pension because only a third was paid from the state fund. The missing amount directly depended on contributions from entrepreneurs and the working population. At that time, pensions in Japan were not particularly stable. The situation changes in 1986, when the Social Insurance Fund was founded. Today, the assets of this organization amount to 170 trillion yen. In the USA alone, the pension fund is more than 186 trillion yen, but the population in this country is several times larger than the population of Japan.

Country of centenarians

Life expectancy in Japan is the longest in the world. As statistics from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Security show, the average life expectancy for men is 79.9 years, for women - 86.41. So the Japanese need to prepare in advance for a long old age.

According to research results, it can be said that Japanese old age is very long, even by world standards. And all thanks to advanced medicine, the balanced development of the best medical technologies and the health insurance system. But, even despite the long life expectancy in Japan, people begin receiving old-age benefits at age 65, which is much earlier than in other countries where the retirement age is 67-69 years.

Men and women have the same rights to pension payments. The retirement age in Japan remains unchanged, unlike in advanced countries, where they are trying to tie it to average life expectancy.

Pension amount

The size of pension payments in the Land of the Rising Sun depends on several indicators:

• Main part. Approximately 73% of total amount is accrued from the Pension Fund and is paid monthly from the age of 65. If a person retires at 60, the pension amount is reduced by 25%. On average, Social Security is about $700.
• Professional pension. It consists of contributions from wages to the Pension Fund, approximately 5% of the amount earned. In addition, the employer makes his own contributions to the Pension Fund for each employee. The professional pension is calculated according to which pension system the person belongs to. For example, civil servants receive 2/5 of their salary.
• One-time allowance. When a person retires in old age, he has every right to receive a one-time benefit. This benefit consists of the average salary multiplied by the number of years worked at the enterprise. Such assistance is paid by the owner of the company.

So we can conclude that the pension in Japan is about $1,500. This is approximately 60% of the average salary. And if we take into account the fact that at this age a person no longer needs to spend money on purchasing a house, raising children, etc., then this is a very worthy provision for old age.

Pension Fund

As already mentioned, the pension fund in Japan is quite large. However, the question remains open: why, having the same number of working population, cannot other developed countries create the same pension system as in Japan? Experts say there are two main reasons for this:

1. The process of accumulating reserves has not yet been completed. And in the case of economic growth, the growth of the fund will not keep pace with the increase in social welfare.
2. Countries do not change the system of automatic accrual of pension payments. Simply put, insurance premiums are automatically transferred as pension payments. Accordingly, the government has no reason to create a reserve savings fund.

Pensions in Japan are one of the highest in the world and all thanks to the savings fund, but it is also important to understand how the Japanese generally relate to money.

Efficiency

The pension system in Japan is considered the most effective in the world. Regardless of life expectancy, pensions are paid consistently and the retirement age is still low.

And yet, to ensure a happy old age in Japan, a social pension alone is not enough. Yes, social pensions have grown, but at the same time private pensions are noticeably lagging behind in growth. The trend of self-supporting one's old age and creating personal savings has long spread throughout the world. In Japan, 73% of the pension fund comes from social benefits, while in other countries this percentage is a measure of private savings.

Naturally, there is no need to destroy the reserve of social payments, but in the future, experts recommend thinking about creating a system of private savings. State payments is a really valuable investment for living in Japan, but it's still better if everyone has extra savings of their own. The inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun themselves also think about this. Perhaps statistical reports only contain data about those Japanese who save for their old age through special funds, but in reality, every employee understands that they need to save at least a little.

Salary and frugality

The average salary in Japan is $3,500. It would seem that for young man For those who need to buy their own home and start a family, this should be just right, and considering how expensive education is in Japan now, we can safely assume that such a salary will not be enough. However, the Japanese are thrifty people. They buy everything they need, and do not waste the remaining money on trifles.

The richest old people

This habit is already so firmly ingrained in the minds of the Japanese that even when they no longer need to save money for education for their children or to buy real estate, they still save part of their salary. In Japan, because of this, pensioners retire with a fairly large sum in their hands. After retirement, they have a lot of time and financial resources to pursue their favorite hobbies, travel or learn something new.

An old-age pension in Japan can hardly be called a straw for a drowning man. According to the latest data, the richest people in the Land of the Rising Sun are pensioners. It is they who are targeted by the bulk of expensive, branded stores, since older people are solvent and can afford what they refused in their youth, absorbed in caring for their loved ones.