1) scientific and educational
2) socially transformative
3) artistic and aesthetic
4) material and production
3. Which of the following examples illustrates interpersonal communication?
1) The head of state addresses citizens in the media.
2) Doctors listen to the report of the Minister of Health.
3) Friends met after a quarrel, found out its reasons and made up.
4) Representatives of trade unions are discussing the organization of the meeting.
What is the hallmark of morality?
1) reflects ideas about good and evil
2) emotionally affects a person
3) explains natural and social phenomena
4) appeals to supernatural powers
5. The government has come up with a proposal to introduce tax breaks for small businesses. This fact can be seen as an example of a connection
1) rights and policies
2) economics and entrepreneurship
3) politics and science
4) economics and politics
Country P. specializes in agricultural production. The land is owned by individual families whose members work together on their plots. Most of the products are consumed by the producers themselves. What type is this society?
1) traditional
2) industrial
3) information
4) post-industrial
A. The norms of morality reflect people's ideas about good and evil.
B. Only the person himself acts as a judge of his actions from the point of view of their compliance with moral norms.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following moral judgments correct?
A. Moral norms emerged with the emergence of the state.
B. One of the signs of morality is the voluntariness of fulfilling its requirements.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
9. Ilya is engaged in the art studio and drama club of the Center for Children's Creativity. What type of education can these classes be classified as?
1) continuing education
2) additional education
3) secondary (complete) education
4) vocational education
10. Vitaly is in the 8th grade of the gymnasium. Additionally, he attends the figure skating section. What educational level is Vitaly at?
1) secondary vocational education
2) basic general education
3) secondary general education
4) primary general education
Are the following judgments about the role of science in the modern world correct?
A. Science helps a person to systematize knowledge about the world around him.
B. Science strives for the reliability of the results obtained.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following judgments about the relationship between society and nature true?
A. Society and nature are organically interconnected, since nature is a natural condition for the existence of people.
B. Technocratic type of thinking considers nature only as a source of raw materials for material production.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
Which of the following is related to production factors (resources)?
1) profit
4) salary
Indicate the name of the economic system in which the market mechanism is complemented by the active role of the state in organizing the economic life of society.
1) market
2) administrative command
3) planned
4) mixed
Mandatory payments of individuals and legal entities to the state are
1) duties
2) subsidies
3) insurance premiums
In a command economy, as opposed to a market economy,
1) there is competition between manufacturers
2) labor is a commodity
3) resources are allocated centrally
4) income tax is established
Before the start of the beach season, the number of slimming aids salesmen increases dramatically. This is the result
1) state regulation
2) price collusion of manufacturers
3) customer demand
4) competition
18. In country Z there are a large number of independent producers of a homogeneous product and many isolated consumers of this product on the market. What additional information would allow this market to be defined as a “pure competition” market?
1) The total demand of all consumers is satisfied with the support of the state.
2) The country has a high level of social guarantees.
3) The state legally guarantees free entry to the market for new manufacturers.
4) There is no antitrust legislation in the country.
Are the following judgments correct?
A. Economy is an economy used by people to provide life, satisfy needs by creating the necessary goods, conditions and means of subsistence.
B. Economics - the science of the economy, the way people run it, the relationship between people in the process of production and exchange of goods.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following judgments true for enterprises of various types and forms?
A. Employees of an enterprise of any form of ownership are entitled to independently decide on the distribution of profits and the allocation of funds for the development of its fixed assets.
B. Limited partners in a limited partnership exercise management and act in economic relations on behalf of the partnership.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
What is the characteristic feature of a nation?
1) common historical memory
2) the presence of a political system
3) competitiveness
4) the presence of a management apparatus
The choice of the way an individual acts in society primarily depends on
1) origin
2) vocational training
3) educational level
4) values
When Dmitry Dmitrievich G. turned 65, he was dismissed due to staff cuts. What group of the population can it be attributed to?
1) unemployed
2) able-bodied
3) outcasts
4) disabled
At the stage of growing up of a child, the main force that forms his worldview becomes (- are)
1) school education
2) social environment
3) positive examples of art and literature
4) self-education
Are the following judgments about the functions of the family correct?
A. In modern society, the production function remains the main function of the family.
B. The reproductive (biological reproduction) function of the family retains its importance in societies of any type.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following judgments correct?
A. Deviant behavior can be manifested in special giftedness and extraordinary abilities of a person.
B. Deviant behavior is always illegal.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are true
4) both judgments are wrong
What is the hallmark of any state?
1) observance of constitutional human and civil rights
2) the presence of public authority
3) implementation of the principle of separation of powers
4) expanded powers of the state apparatus
A necessary condition for the existence of civil society is
1) the variety of social groups, public associations, connections between them
2) the presence of a bicameral parliament
3) the presence of state control over the life of society
4) inability to freely enter and leave the country
In country Z, the only political party exercises complete control over society, controls not only the political sphere, but also the economic sphere, any opposition is suppressed. What mode are we talking about?
3) about the regime of a limited monarchy
4) about totalitarian
30. In the state of M. the representative bodies of power are formed as follows: 50%
are candidates included in the electoral lists of their parties and movements, 50%
1) mixed
3) proportional
4) majority
Are the following judgments about the state correct?
A. The state determines the moral values \u200b\u200bof society.
The news of the change in the age limit for retirement excited the public.
Many people who planned to retire in the coming years will now have to work for a few more years.
It is assumed that the new bill will be considered by the State Duma in the near future and adopted with all the necessary amendments in the fall of this year.
The essence of the 2018 pension reform
The increase in the retirement age has been planned by the government for many years.
At the moment, a deficit of funds has formed in the PFR budget, the replenishment of which is planned by contributions from working citizens. The longer a Russian can work, the more additional funds will go to the fund's budget.
Another reason for the adoption of the reform is the planned increase in the life expectancy of the country's population.
So far, no clear action plans have been announced to improve the quality of life of citizens, however, the government considers it expedient to begin adapting the pension system to future demographic conditions as early as possible.
The essence of this reform is to gradually increase the age for receiving an old-age insurance pension. Currently, women over 55 and men over 60 can become pensioners.
If the bill is successfully approved, the age for retirement will change:
- for the female half of the country's population - from 63 years;
- for men - from 65 years old.
In addition, the reform may affect the procedure for the formation of pension savings, the conditions for early retirement and the process of providing citizens with monthly payments.
The implementation of the amendments and changes to the Russian legislation is planned from the beginning of next year. Delays may be caused by the difficult financial and economic situation in the Russian Federation and other nuances.
The increase in the age for retirement will be implemented gradually.
Since the launch of the project, raising the age bracket is planned for one year on even dates. This process will drag on for at least 10-16 years, that is, up to 2034 inclusive.
Pension reform in 2018: retirement table
As stated above, the changes will be implemented in stages.
The government plans to increase the retirement age of Russians by 5 years for the male half of the population and by 5 years for the female. The process will roughly start in 2019.
UPD: The President of the Russian Federation made amendments to the law - the retirement age for women will also be raised by 5 years, as well as for men. That is, the new retirement age for women in Russia is 60 years.
Commentary of the President of the Russian Federation
“The draft law proposes to increase the retirement age for women by eight years - up to 63 years, while for men it will be increased by five years. That won't work, of course. It is not right. And in our country, the attitude towards women is special, careful. We understand that they not only work at their main place of work, but, as a rule, they have the whole house, taking care of the family, raising children, and taking care of grandchildren. The retirement age for women should not be increased more than for men. Therefore, I consider it necessary to reduce the increase in the retirement age for women proposed by the bill from eight to five years, ”Putin said during his speech.
He also proposed to provide for the right of early retirement for mothers with many children.
“That is, if a woman has three children, she will be able to retire three years ahead of schedule. If there are four children - four years earlier. And for women who have five or more children, everything should remain as it is now, they will be able to retire at 50, ”the Russian president added.
Below is a table of retirement after the 2018 pension reform showing the planned changes to the law.
Thus, the annual change in the retirement age will be carried out in one-year increments.
Consequences of the 2018 pension reform
Despite a lot of positive feedback on the innovations from the state, the majority of the country's population negatively perceived the news about the increase in the age for retirement.
The protests are linked to many reasons, one of which is the low life expectancy in certain regions.
| City or region name | Indicators of average life expectancy in years |
||
| for women | for men |
||
| St. Petersburg | |||
| Rep. Adygea | |||
| Voronezh region | |||
| Ryazan region |
|||
| Kirov region |
|||
| Oryol region | |||
| Rep. Tyva | |||
| Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | |||
Thus, according to the data for 2017, many citizens do not live to see retirement. This is especially true of the male half of the country's population.
Raising the retirement age in the near future, against the background of statistics, looks inappropriate.
Despite the task set by the President of the Russian Federation to increase the life expectancy of Russians, it will not be possible to achieve the desired result in the shortest possible time. Even taking into account the effectiveness of future government measures, the process will take at least a decade.
State representatives assure that all the planned changes in legislation are aimed at increasing the quality of life of citizens and increasing their well-being.
As Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said at a government meeting, the reform will gradually raise the size of pension payments up to 12,000 rubles a year.
In practice, Russian citizens will have to face the following consequences:
- the growth of youth unemployment;
- the need to retrain the adult generation;
- the risk of facing discrimination based on age;
- lack of jobs for the elderly;
- a decrease in consumer demand due to a decrease in the estimated income;
- low labor productivity.
Advocates of the innovations believe that the reform will allow the recruitment of experienced and qualified specialists of an older age. In practice, many employers will refuse to hire older people and will give preference to the younger generation.
The rise in youth unemployment is caused by many internal and economic problems.
The extension of the retirement period may lead to the fact that jobs that were intended for young professionals will be assigned to older citizens forced to work due to changes in the law.
In addition, the issue of developing retraining programs for the elderly is an acute issue.
Many areas require contact with digital technology. Some professions disappear, being replaced by others, or develop over time. Without appropriate training, it will not be possible to master new demanded specialties.
The amount of pension payments in some regions is extremely low, so pensioners are forced to continue working in order to receive additional income.
After the approval of the reform, the income level of the elderly will drop sharply, even if the citizen is officially employed. It will also negatively affect the country's economic sphere.
Are there any positive aspects of the reform?
It is difficult to unequivocally answer this question, because changes in the law will lead to a host of negative consequences for the economy, the material situation of the elderly and young people.
Some experts believe that the reform will help to balance the fund's budget and "patch" the "holes" in it.
Another positive point is the planned increase in the size of payments. However, in this case, the monthly amount received by the pensioner will be supplemented by only one thousand rubles. It is also unclear when the pension increase is expected.
Are changes possible in the 2018 pension reform?
The innovations are not supported by most of the country, even by young people under the age of 35. Public protests can have a certain impact on the process of adopting the bill.
At the moment, the reform has not yet been approved by the State Duma, therefore, amendments may be made to the text of the document.
Perhaps the "tough" conditions proposed by the government were voiced on purpose in order to be able to slightly soften the planned changes without causing a big resonance in society.
UPD 08/29/18: The draft amendments to the pension legislation have already passed the first reading in the State Duma. The bill provides for a phased increase, starting in 2019, of the retirement age to 65 for men and up to 63 for women (the transition period for them will continue until 2028 and 2034, respectively). The amendments to the document are being collected by September 24.
The President also proposed to provide tax breaks for citizens of pre-retirement age.
“These benefits have traditionally been provided only with retirement. But in this case, when changes are coming in the pension system, and people were counting on these benefits, we are obliged to make an exception for them, to provide benefits not in connection with retirement, but when they reach the appropriate age. That is, as before, women will be able to take advantage of benefits when they reach 55 years old and men - from 60 years old ”.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution of higher professional education
Orenburg State University
Faculty of Finance and Economics
Department of Finance
COURSE WORK
In the discipline "Finance"
Pension reform and objectives of the RF Pension Fund
Orenburg 2009
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 1. The draft pension reform in the Russian Federation
Preconditions and necessity of reform …………………………….… 5-6
Goals and objectives of the pension reform ………………………………….… 7-8
Participants of the pension reform ………………………………………. 9-13
Chapter 2. Implementation of Pension Reform in Practice
Fundamentals of the Pension Fund in Russia and its importance in the pension system ……………………………………………………. 14-18
Stages of the pension reform in Russia ……………………………… ... 19-23
The essence of the pension reform in Russia …………………………… .24-28
Current state of the pension reform ……………………………. 29-31
Chapter 3. Results, problems and prospects of the pension reform in the Russian Federation
Results and problems of the pension reform ………………………. 32-34
Measures to improve the pension reform ……………… .. 35-36
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… ... 37-38
List of sources used …………………………………………… ..39
Appendix A. Assignment for term paper …………………………………… 40
Appendix B. Forecast of the ratio of the number of persons of retirement and working age …………………………………………………… ... 41
Appendix B. Forecasted average annual growth rates of the real value of wages and retirement pensions ................................................................................. 42
Introduction
Caring for the vulnerable is an integral part of government policy. Old age is an inevitable process, one of the stages in the life of mankind, when people cannot fully ensure their dignified existence. Consequently, the most important task of the state is to create an effective mechanism to ensure social protection of this category of the population.
At the present time in Russia there is a very difficult demographic situation. The death rate is significantly higher than the birth rate. In such a situation, it is necessary to think about the consequences of such a rapid decline in the country's population. In the Russian Federation, there was a pay-as-you-go pension scheme for a long time. According to statistics, the ratio of the retirement population to the able-bodied population is rapidly declining, which, provided that the pay-as-you-go scheme is functioning, will undoubtedly lead to the impossibility of providing the state with a decent pension for future retirees. The state will not have sufficient pension savings due to the lack of the required number of working citizens. In such conditions, it is inevitable and necessary to reform the pension system.
In the 1990s. Pension reform mainly envisaged an increase in the minimum pension and general pension payments, the procedure for calculating the pension rate based on the length of service and the level of wages was determined, the taxation of working citizens was reformed in order to increase pension contributions, and Non-State Pension Funds appeared. A new stage of reform, providing for a radical change in the pension system, began in 2002. The essence of the pension reform in the Russian Federation lies in the transition of the Pension Fund from a pay-as-you-go pension scheme to a pay-as-you-go scheme.
The relevance of this topic is determined by the fact that in modern conditions it is difficult to exaggerate the importance of pension reform, since the existing pension system does not correspond to the current economic situation and may become completely untenable in the future. In this regard, it is fundamentally important to study the theoretical foundations of pension provision, methods of reforming the pension system and ways to improve it.
The subject of research is the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, its role in the implementation of pension provision, pension reform, its results, as well as its economic significance and prospects.
The aim of the course work is to determine the state and analysis of the pension reform, to determine the role of the Pension Fund in the implementation of pension reform.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following range of tasks:
Get acquainted with the essence of the pension reform;
Analyze the results of the implementation of the pension reform at this stage;
Determine the functions, role and place of the Pension Fund in the implementation of pension reform;
Give possible forecasts of the results of the implementation of the pension reform;
Make possible conclusions and suggestions for improving the pension system.
The structure of the course work:
The first part of the course work covers the general provisions of the pension reform, its essence, goals and objectives, as well as the goals and objectives of the Pension Fund.
The second part of the work is devoted to the issue of the current state of the pension reform and the activities of the Pension Fund.
The third part of the work reveals the results, forecasts, prospects of pension reform in the Russian Federation.
Reasons for the pension reform, stages of the reform.
Pension reform in the Russian Federation
At the end of the XX century. The Russian pension system was on the brink of a crisis. The pension system in force at that time required a radical reform. At this time, the state carried out some reforms, but they were unable to bring the pension system out of the crisis, but prepared the necessary prerequisites for the implementation of further reforms. The preconditions for the pension reform were a decline in production, which led to a decrease in the pension tax base, a decrease in the share of wages in the Russian economy in relation to GDP and a decrease in it in the structure of monetary incomes of the population, a low size of pension payments, a desire to conceal income in order to reduce the payment of interest on pension insurance through the payment of "black" wages, the growth of the shadow economy, hidden unemployment, limitation of the maximum pension size, low rates of economic development. At this time, an unfavorable demographic situation was developing. First, the number of retirees is growing and the number of employees is decreasing. And secondly, the ratio of the number of people employed in the economy and pensioners is the main indicator for a pension system built on the principle of “solidarity between generations,” which makes the existing pension system extremely unstable.
The pension is the basis of the life of any pensioner. Consequently, the small size of the pension is the most important social problem that requires an immediate solution. This problem affects the interests of the entire population of the country: both current and future pensioners.
For a long time in the Russian Federation there was a pension system based on the principle of distribution and the principle of solidarity between generations. But at present, this system is not able to provide a decent standard of living for pensioners, since maintaining a constant level of pension provision for the elderly with such demographic trends leads either to an increase in the economic burden on the active population (due to an increase in pension taxes), or to a further increase in age. retirement. Various combinations of these measures are also possible. Another alternative for overcoming this situation is the full or partial transition of the pension system to accumulative principles. This led to the transition of the pension system to an insurance basis.
So, the low level of pension provision, complex negative demographic changes, the establishment of market relations in the economy require pension reform.
1.2 Goals and objectives of the pension reform
It is difficult to overestimate the necessity and significance of the pension reform. The reform has important social goals and objectives. The main task of the reform is to achieve a long-term financial balance of the pension system, increase the level of pension provision for citizens and create a stable source of additional income for the social system.
With the help of the pension reform in the country, the state pursues the following goals:
improve pension payments to citizens of the Russian Federation;
to provide a decent old age for pensioners;
stabilize the situation given the demographic crisis;
eradicate “black” wages;
attract additional investment in the country's economy.
It is possible to highlight the most important tasks that the pension reform must perform in the process of its implementation.
The first goal of the pension reform is to bring the hidden parts of salaries out of the shadows and at the expense of this income increase the funds for the payment of pensions to today's pensioners. Without serious incentives, neither employees, let alone employers, will rush to take wages out of the shadows - from the envelopes of insurance schemes, etc.
Consequently, the second goal of the pension reform is to create incentives for employees to pay contributions in full from their entire income. And for this, the system of accounting for pension rights (by length of service and by the amount of earnings over the last two years) was canceled, since it does not fully take into account the contribution of each person to the income of the pension system. The new pension model, firstly, takes into account all the monetary capital contributed by each Russian for each year and month of his work experience, and, secondly, fixes them in the form of state obligations to each employee personally. And then after his retirement, these obligations must be fulfilled in full, taking into account all the increases and indexations carried out over the years of his labor activity.
At the same time, the funds transferred to the pension system should provide a citizen with a higher income than their savings in a bank or insurance company.
Finally, the third goal that the reform must solve is to ensure the transparency of the pension system. The obligations of the state to citizens for pension payments should be expressed not in percentages and years, but in rubles. And every year, the employee must receive a report on the status of the pension rights earned by him - in what amount the contributions for him are listed by his employer, what is the total amount of pension capital accrued to him for all years of work, in what volumes he has been indexed, etc. Moreover, every Russian who is insured in the compulsory pension insurance system must receive it annually. And in case of disagreement, he will be able to achieve their change.
Having solved these basic and a number of even more specific tasks, the pension reform will allow the formation of a new pension model - simpler, more convenient for calculations, more understandable for citizens. And, most importantly, it provides a higher level of pensions for both current pensioners and future generations of Russians.
Pension reform has a number of tasks:
introduction of a new labor pension system, consisting of basic, labor and funded parts;
providing an individual choice of a management company that has passed a competitive selection;
preservation of the rights of citizens to retirement benefits of all types of labor pensions (old age, disability and in case of loss of the breadwinner);
regulatory support for the reform of pension savings;
involvement of non-state pension funds and private management companies in the reform;
control over investments of pension savings.
As a result of the introduction of the pension reform, citizens are given the opportunity to regulate the material provision of pension savings, the successful implementation of all the tasks of the pension reform will ensure a decent pension for the citizens of the Russian Federation.
The contradictions of the old pension system indicate that, despite the fairly stable position of the Pension Fund in recent years, it was on the verge of a crisis, from which it, based on cosmetic changes in the old pension legislation carried out during the 90s, could not be withdrawn. The ongoing transformations have prepared the necessary prerequisites for further reforms, but due to the influence of “external” to the pension system (primarily political, economic, demographic) factors, their positive influence is decreasing every year.
The main economic reasons for the pension reform:
a tendency that has been stable for a decade declining purchasing power of pensions ;
narrowing the differentiation of pension amounts, due, on the one hand, to the desire of the insured to conceal their income from payment of pension insurance (i.e., understating the base for calculating insurance contributions), and on the other hand, to maintain strict restrictions on the maximum amount (ceiling) of the pension, if necessary, to permanently increase it the minimum level based on the purchasing power of the pension;
final loss of connection between pension and "labor contribution" pensioner, which is expressed in the fact that the size of the old-age labor pension practically does not depend on either the length of service or the amount of earnings, since to calculate the maximum pension, only half of the average monthly salary can be taken into account;
deterioration of demographic factors in the development of the labor market , which are manifested with a projected sharp decline in the population of working age; Thus, according to the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the pay-as-you-go system works effectively if the ratio of the number of retirees to employed is at least 1:10. And today in our country there are almost 40 million pensioners versus about 80 million employed, that is, the required ratio is only 1: 2. (in Soviet times, there were just 10-11 workers for one pensioner, the USSR pension system had real security, it was considered one of the most progressive in the world) .
maintaining the price of labor at a low level for a civilized European state due to low rates of economic development in the long term, which is clearly manifested in macroeconomic indicators for the next 20 years.
Along with economic reasons, the demographic situation is deteriorating. In this process, two negative trends can be distinguished: an increase in the number of pensioners (from 34.1 million in 1992 to 36.6 million at the end of 2001) simultaneously with a decrease in the number of employees (from 72.1 million in 1992 to 65 , 1 million at the end of 2001). Thus, if in 1992 there were 2.11 people employed in the economy (1.88 employees) per pensioner, then in 2000 only 1.78 (1.38). And this is without taking into account hidden unemployment and concealment of wages (the base for the UST), which is especially typical for individual entrepreneurs and commercial structures. 6
The people are silent. The government has submitted to the State Duma a bill to raise the retirement age. And right there from all the media streams of lies poured out about the inevitability of this step, about the fact that we cannot get away from it, that the "problem" has long been ripe and overripe.
The main argument of these scammers, pretending to be officials and experts, is this: the population is aging, so the number of pensioners is growing, and the share of employees is decreasing. From which the "indisputable" conclusion is drawn: able-bodied citizens are no longer able to support pensioners. And the money, they say, to ensure the living of the ever-arriving army of old people simply cannot be taken from anywhere.
Professors Moriarty from the government figured out how to solve this “problem”. It is necessary, they say, just to raise the retirement age. Then the number of pensioners will decrease. First, as a result of the fact that the elderly will no longer be paid pensions, forcing them to work for another 5–8 years. Secondly, and this is the main thing, half of men and a quarter of women simply will not live up to the new retirement age, and they will not have to pay anything at all. At the same time, at the expense of those who manage to survive, the number of workers will grow.
Why is the people silent? Because I agree with these professors moriarty? Unlikely. The reason is quite different, and it is commonplace. This happens due to the popular dislike for arithmetic. After all, if you check the figures of these scammers, the scale of the lie will be obvious to everyone. Let's try to make the simplest calculations using official statistics, although they greatly embellish reality.
Fairy tales about budget weakness. Loudest of all, this audience is shouting about the ever-increasing burden on the federal budget. They say that there is not enough money in it for anything. All expenses have to be cut in order to pay pensions. Therefore, the government's patience has run out.
Last year, the former Minister of Finance, and now the head of the Center for Strategic Research, which is supported by budget funds, Alexei Kudrin made a "killer" argument "proving" the inevitability of pension reform. Over the past 7 years, spending on pensions has grown by 3% of GDP, which is about 2.5 trillion rubles a year - “almost the same as we spend on all education in the country. It turns out that in order to pay even the current pensions, we need to abandon investments in education, medicine, construction of new roads, the future of our children, ”he lamented.
But if we look at the reports of the Ministry of Finance, we will find that over the 7 years mentioned by Kudrin, the expenditure part of the federal budget has grown by 9 trillion rubles: from 10.1 in 2010 to 19.1 trillion in 2016. Even if we subtract 2.5 trillion rubles in pensions from this amount, then in 2016 the government had an additional 6.5 trillion rubles at its disposal to increase investment in education, medicine, and the construction of new roads in the federal budget alone.
However, pensions are paid from the federal budget only to civil servants and employees of power structures, which make up 9.2% of the total number of pensioners. Pensions to everyone else are paid not from the budget, but from employers' insurance contributions to the Pension Fund. So, the growth of their pensions has nothing to do with financing education, medicine, or building new roads. That is, to the 6.5 trillion rubles additionally received by the government for these purposes in 2016, at least another 2 trillion must be added. The only question is where they disappeared.
As you can see, they just hang us noodles. And Russian finances are run by notorious swindlers. However, if we move from the distribution of budget expenditures to the distribution of gross domestic product (GDP), we get an even more impressive picture.
Distribution of GDP. At the peak of the last crisis in 2016, when workers and retirees had to tighten their belts tightly, according to Rosstat, GDP amounted to 85.9 trillion rubles. Rosstat includes gross value added and net (less subsidies) taxes. In other words, GDP is the value of goods and services of final consumption in both the off-budget and budgetary sectors of the economy.
According to the report of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR), in 2016 4.1 trillion rubles were collected in insurance premiums. Contributions were paid in the amount of 22% of the accrued salary. That is, the accrued salary amounted to 18.6 trillion rubles, and on hand - minus personal income tax (personal income tax) - employees received 16.2 trillion. This accounts for 18.9% of the gross domestic product.
According to the same report, 6.5 trillion rubles or 7.6% of GDP were spent on all types of pensions. That is, the share of working people and pensioners accounted for 26.5% of GDP - a little over a quarter. Scholarships and grants in our country amount to hundredths of a percent of GDP and are not tangible in such calculations.
This is primarily about our dollar millionaires and billionaires. Their number, according to the World Wealth Report of the financial company Capgemini, grew in 2016 by 19.7% to 182 thousand people. Among them, of course, there are normal and even good entrepreneurs who enjoy well-deserved respect. Such, for example, as Evgeny Kaspersky or Pavel Grudinin. There are thousands of them.
The scammers who pretend to be officials and "experts" who have flooded TV screens are modestly silent about this. But the Western press is full of outrageous examples of "fantastic solvency of Russians." Here is one of the messages: five Russians in London, going into a hotel bar, drank there for 54 thousand dollars, and even gave the bartender 15 thousand for tea. But this is so, every little thing is odd.
The whims of wealthier Russians cost tens and hundreds of millions of dollars, which they shell out for historic castles and opulent palaces in Europe's most expensive cities and towns. Residents of Nice on the Cote d'Azur in France are even forced to learn Russian. And what can we say about our oligarchs? The costs of their quirks run into the many billions of dollars.
But out of these three-quarters of their GDP, “solvent citizens” make investments, develop the economy, and “experts” give us noodles. Yes they do. The only question is what they invest their money in.
They invest almost nothing in domestic production. And if something is invested, then on borrowed money. The enterprises are forced to repay loans with considerable interest, deteriorating their performance for several years.
"Intimidating" trend. Let's compare the current distribution of GDP to, say, 2012. Then, according to Rosstat, it amounted to 66.9 trillion rubles. According to the report of the Pension Fund, 3 trillion rubles were collected in insurance contributions with the same 22% of the accrued salary, which thus amounted to 13.6 trillion rubles, and after deducting personal income tax - 11.8 trillion. This amounted to 17.6% of GDP. 4.5 trillion rubles or 6.7% of GDP were spent on pensions. If we add up their shares, then working and pensioners together received 24.3% of GDP. Less than a quarter.
Let me remind you that in 2016 the share of workers in GDP increased to 18.9%, the share of pensioners - to 7.6%, and together their share increased to 26.5%. If we carry out the same calculation for 2017, we will see that the trend continued, although it slowed down. The share of working people in GDP rose to 19.3%, the share of pensioners - to 7.8%, and together their share increased to 27.1% of the gross domestic product.
Just do not think that over the years, the well-being of workers and pensioners has grown significantly. This did not happen in real, but only in paper terms. Everything looks beautiful on paper. In 2012, working Russians received 11.8 trillion rubles, and in 2016 - 16.2 trillion.
But at the same time, the average annual ruble exchange rate in 2012 was 31.09, and in 2016 - 67.03 rubles per US dollar. Thus, the income of employees in 2012 amounted to 380 billion dollars, and in 2016 - only 242 billion. That is, the real well-being of working citizens in Russia has decreased (even if we do not take into account the dollar inflation) by 36.3%.
The same thing happened with pensions. On paper, retirees' incomes have grown from 4.5 to 6.5 trillion rubles. But taking into account the collapse of the ruble by robbers pretending to be the leadership of the Central Bank, in 2012 the income of pensioners amounted to $ 145 billion, and in 2016 - only $ 97 billion. That is, their real well-being decreased by 33.1%. Therefore, there is no talk at all about the “too fast” growth of pension spending in the country. In reality, there was a reduction in them by a third.
About shadow income. However, one more trump card is hidden up the sleeve of the scammers who pretend to be officials and experts. These are “shadow” incomes. With their help, Rosstat conducts an "additional assessment" of the gross domestic product. By adjusting the size of this “revaluation”, it provides (when the authorities need it) GDP growth in the absence of such. In 2017, for example, Rosstat estimated the share of the shadow economy in Russia at 15-16% of GDP, the head of the department, Alexander Surinov, told reporters.
There is indeed a “shadow” sector in the Russian economy, although its actual size is not known to anyone. The Ministry of Finance assures that this is a salary "in envelopes" and incomes of self-employed citizens. It’s just very difficult to imagine that the casual, mostly penny, extra earnings of the self-employed in the renovation of apartments and private cabbies, together with an insignificant share of salaries "in envelopes", are comparable to the income of all officially employed citizens. The latter are still the overwhelming majority.
And the earnings of many categories of civil servants, as well as employees in the corporate sector, amount to hundreds of thousands and millions of rubles a month, or even a day. Only in Moscow, where a large number of such highly paid positions are concentrated, according to the latest data from the Moscow State Statistics Service, the “white” average salary of workers in the capital's enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership (except for small businesses) averaged almost 92 thousand rubles a month.
In reality, at least 90% of “shadow” incomes consist of embezzlement, corruption and other criminal “earnings” of an unearned nature. Their real size is unknown to anyone, but the scale, as everyone admits, is enormous. And those 1–2% of GDP accounted for by the self-employed and receiving wages "in envelopes" do not change the overall picture of the distribution of the gross domestic product created in the country.
Self-service the Putin way. Such is the picture obtained when viewed from a bird's eye view. And if you take a closer look? According to opinion polls, half of our pensioners (according to the estimates of the trade unions - a third) continue to work after retirement. Basically, because humanly it is impossible to live on the pension established for us. Official statistics on this score are prudently silent. And it's clear why.
The fact is that the employer pays for the working pensioner all types of taxes, which are levied on both his salary and the profit of the enterprise created by him. And the amount is not small at all. Only on the salary received by the employee, 77% of direct taxes are "screwed up".
To pay an employee 100 rubles, the company must charge him 115 rubles (then, after deducting personal income tax at 13%, the person will receive 100 rubles). Then this amount is used to wind up 30% of contributions to state social funds. The result is already 150 rubles. This amount is charged with 18% value added tax (VAT). It turns out 177 rubles, including 77 rubles - taxes.
But the employers do not hire an employee just to receive a salary: he must make a profit. And she, in turn, is subject to income tax at the rate of 20%, as well as VAT. And this is not counting the mass of indirect taxes that a person pays when purchasing goods and services.
Since the average pension amounted to 36% of the average salary in 2017, only two pensioners can be supported on direct taxes paid for a working pensioner by an enterprise. And taking into account indirect taxes - at least three. He - a working pensioner - for these taxes, besides himself supports one more non-working pensioner. The rest goes to the "solvent Russians" who squander the fruits of his labor.
