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Introduction

Chapter 1. Pension

1.1 Prerequisites

Chapter 2. Analysis of the reform

2.2 Assessment of the pension reform

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

application

Introduction

The author examines the urgency of the problem - the demographic situation in Russia is such that today, pension payments to one pensioner account for deductions from salaries of less than two citizens of working age, and by 2020, according to experts, there will be one pensioner for one employed person.

The purpose of the course work is to consider the legal regulation of the pension reform.

Study the prerequisites for the pension reform.

Study the goals and principles of pension reform.

Analyze the disadvantages and advantages of the 2001 pension reform.

Identify the difficulties of the pension reform.

Assess the implementation of pension reform

Carry out a comparative analysis with European countries.

Identify the future construction of the pension reform.

The object of the course work is pension reform.

The subject of the course work is the process of conducting pension reforms.

Methodological base: for writing a term paper served as a legal regulation, the works of domestic authors, on issues of pension reform, press materials, abstracts. To write a term paper, the author used the following research methods - general scientific knowledge: analysis, synthesis, comparisons and generalizations and methods of secondary analysis.

The structure of the course work - the course work consists of a decree, 2 chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and an application.

The main conclusions of the study are formulated by the author in the conclusion.

Chapter 1. Pension

1.1 Prerequisites

The previous pension system was based on a collective-distribution principle, that is, contributions transferred to the Pension Fund were used to pay current pensions. To ensure the minimum payments to one pensioner, contributions of at least two employees were required. However, the demographic situation in Russia is such that today, pension payments to one pensioner account for deductions from wages of less than two citizens of working age, and by 2020, according to experts, there will be one pensioner for one employed person. Accordingly, with the aging of the Russian population, the previously existing pension system would not have been able to provide even the minimum level of pension payments. In addition, in the previous pension system, the size of the pension depended only on the length of service and the amount of earnings for the last two years of employment, respectively, the contribution of each person to the income of the pension system was not fully taken into account.

In accordance with international practice, there are two ways to ensure minimum pension payments in an aging population.

The first is tax increases. However, this path can lead to a reduction in the economic activity of the population and negatively affect the economic growth of the country.

The second is the transition to a funded pension system, in which pension contributions of citizens are accumulated in individual accounts and invested in financial markets to generate income. Investment income is also credited annually to the individual account of the citizen. Upon reaching the retirement age, pension payments are made from the total amount of funds accumulated in the individual account. This way allows you to increase payments in proportion to the income received from investment, as well as to ensure consistency between the total earnings received by a citizen for all years of employment and the amount of pension payments.

1.2 Main objectives and principles of pension reform

The main goals of the pension reform are:

1) realization of the right of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to pension provision in old age, in case of disability, in case of loss of a breadwinner and in other cases established by law;

2) ensuring the financial stability of the pension system and creating prerequisites for the sustainable development of pension provision based on state pension insurance and budget financing;

3) adaptation of the pension system to the market relations developing in the Russian Federation;

4) rationalization and optimization of the conditions for the provision and amounts of pensions;

5) increasing the efficiency of the pension system by improving the pension provision management system.

Based on the goals stated above, the reform should be based on the following principles:

1) everyone has the right to state pensions in case of loss of ability to work due to old age, disability, loss of a breadwinner and in other cases established by law;

2) every employee is subject to compulsory state pension insurance;

3) every person insured under compulsory state pension insurance has the right to a labor pension in accordance with the duration of insurance and the earnings from which the insurance premiums were paid;

4) financing of state pensions is based on the principle of solidarity, including solidarity between generations, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and sectors of the economy;

5) the funds of compulsory state pension insurance are used exclusively for the pension provision of the insured in accordance with the rules and regulations established by law. Some of these funds are centralized and redistributed in order to ensure pension guarantees for citizens regardless of their place of residence in the Russian Federation. Pension expenses for persons who did not participate in pension insurance are covered by the federal budget.

From the above, it follows that in the process of reform it is necessary to revise practically all the basic principles of the pension system.

1.3 Disadvantages and advantages of the 2001 pension reform

Benefits of the 2001 Pension Reform

A citizen gets a chance for a higher income, and hence for a larger pension. In striving for a decent provision of his old age, he learns to rely less on the state and more on himself. Earlier in Russia there was no such freedom in the disposal of their pension savings. But the flip side of this freedom is increasing one's own responsibility.

It is beneficial for the state that the concern for pensions and responsibility for them is at least partially removed from it and transferred to the citizens themselves and financial institutions. Management companies and NPFs win because large capitals will come to their management. Finally, the national economy will receive the "long" investment resources necessary for its development.

In the long term, the following favorable changes can be expected from the introduction of funded pensions:

The prosperity of future retirees will increase due to the long-term accumulation of funds to finance pensions.

Attraction of pension "long money" as investments for the country's economy will ensure higher rates of economic growth.

The burden on the state pension system will decrease.

The share of official ("white") wages will increase, and as a result, the labor market will develop more actively.

There will be opportunities for the development of the stock market and financial infrastructure.

These shifts concern almost all spheres of economic and social life, therefore, today the pension reform is one of the most significant transformations in Russia. It is very important to use its full potential. However, it should be recognized that the level of readiness of all the main participants in the process (the state, private business and the population) to participate in the reform is far from ideal. Therefore, in the short term, quick success is not expected.

Everything described above concerns the compulsory (state) pension system. But the pension reform affects all forms of pension provision, including the voluntary formation of pensions in a non-state pension fund (NPF).

Disadvantages of the 2001 pension reform

At the current level of salaries and pension contributions, it is not possible to accumulate a large amount for retirement within the framework of the state pension system. For people with low wages, pensions will make up a substantial percentage of them, but the absolute value of these pensions will still be small. On the other hand, the percentage of contributions to the insurance and funded part of high-paid workers turns out to be too small (due to the regressive school of the UST: the larger the base, the lower the tax rate), therefore, their pensions as a percentage of wages will be even less than that of the poor and average layers. Consequently, retirement for such people would mean a serious decline in living standards.

As is already known, today the ratio of the average pension to the average salary ("replacement rate") in Russia is less than 30%. Reform of labor pensions makes it possible to count on an increase in this level to 35-40% only in 15-20 years. Meanwhile, according to experts of the International Labor Organization (ILO), for a normal comfortable life in retirement, the replacement rate should be at the level of 65-70%!

There is only one way: save yourself for your pension on your own. The best option today is voluntary pension provision in a non-state pension fund (NPF). For most, this is somewhat unusual, but a sober analysis convinces that without concern for their own future, a secure old age will remain only an unattainable dream.

Chapter 2. Analysis of the reform

2.1 Challenges in Pension Reform

In addition to the problems associated with the departure from insurance principles, it is necessary to note the following difficulties in the implementation of pension reform.

Pension reform in Russia is gaining momentum. Few of us think about what position to take: the position of non-interference, when the right to dispose of pension savings will belong to the state, or active, that is, to take care of how to meet old age with dignity. But the situation in our country is such that an employee can only rely on himself.

2.2 Assessment of the pension reform

It can be noted that until an ideal solution has been found to the problem of the deficit of pension funds and the reform of pension provision of the population in the context of the demographic crisis, the best solution is still to diversify pension schemes and expand the range of sources of its financing both in the field of state regarding private pension funds. To a certain extent, we can observe this model in Russia as well. However, the distrust of the population, most of whom perfectly remember the consequences of various financial and economic experiments of the past decades, hardly allows us to hope for a significant effect of such measures. It seems that in Russia it would be most expedient to actively promote the employment of the older population, equalize the employment of this category of persons by region and take strict measures to limit age discrimination. This would have a beneficial effect both on the amount of pension savings of individuals and on the unemployment rate. At the same time, it is necessary to improve health care and popularize a competent approach to one's health throughout the country.

Even after analyzing the responses of Russians to publications about the possibility of raising the retirement age, cited in abundance by various print and Internet resources, one can see that not only the citizens themselves are not ready for this measure - the corresponding state mechanisms are not ready for it either. The true, reliable data on the reasons for the deficit of the Pension Fund have not been analyzed and brought to the attention of the population, the supposed consequences of the proposed reforms have not been studied and brought up for public discussion. The population, in its comments to media materials on this issue, often recalls the monetization of benefits, and also draws analogies with the Kyrgyz events. We again forget the world experience and the need for a harmonious coexistence of the economic and social components of state policy. And this can be costly for the Russian society and state.

The world has not yet found a solution to the urgent problem of aging. Foreign legislation and practice at the moment do not offer ready-made schemes for solving this issue, and the results of the steps being taken at present are not yet obvious enough. Therefore, today one of the most expedient approaches to world practice in the field of raising the retirement age can be considered to focus on a detailed study of these processes without direct attempts to borrow any ready-made models.

2.3 Comparative analysis with European countries

UK government pension system.

It is currently governed by The Pensions Act 2007, which was enacted on July 26, 2007. The provisions of this law will fully apply to those citizens who will reach the established retirement age from April 6, 2010.

The main provisions of the 2007 pension reform:

A new credit system is being introduced, which expands the number of people eligible for the state pension

The size of the basic state pension increases in accordance with the growth of the average salary

The retirement age increases from 65 to 68 years old gradually during 2007-2008

Retirement age

At present, the retirement age for those born before April 5, 1950 is: men - 65 years, women - 60 years.

Composition and amount of pension

The state pension can consist of two parts: basic and additional.

The amount of the accrued base pension is determined by work experience - the so-called "qualifying years". Currently, in order to receive a full basic State Pension, you must have qualifying experience:

39-44 years for women

44 years for men

To receive the minimum basic pension (25% of the full basic pension), you must have a minimum work experience of 10-11 years, depending on the retirement age.

After April 6, 2010, both men and women will need to have a qualification experience of 30 years to receive a full basic pension. Each year missing before this limit will reduce the basic pension by 1/30.

In the 2008/09 financial year, the full basic pension is 90.70 per week.

Pension contributions

Contributions to the state insurance fund are paid by the employer when calculating wages or independently in case of self-employment or lack of a permanent place of work.

Pension contributions are divided into several classes and are paid jointly by the employee and the employer.

If the employee's income is less than the initial threshold for pension contributions (Primary Threshold - 105 per week for 2008/09), but is equal to or greater than the lower income limit (Lower Earnings Limit - 90 per week for 2008/09), then he is exempt from payments of pension contributions, but this period is still credited to him as qualifying for calculating the pension.

From income above the initial threshold to the upper earnings limit (770 per week), the employee pays a Primary Class 1 contribution of 11%. An additional 1% is paid on income exceeding the upper threshold.

An employer with an amount between the lower and upper thresholds pays a contribution of 12.8%.

Self-employed individuals pay a single Class 2 National Insurance contributions of Ј2.30 per week for 2008/09.

If a person does not work at all or receives less than the lower income limit, he or she can independently pay a Class 3 voluntary National Insurance contributions, which is Ј8.10 per week for 2008/09.

The full year for calculating the pension (qualifying year) is the one in which 52 weekly contributions were paid.

2.4 Future construction of the pension system

The main features of the future pension system are predetermined by its current content. The concept provides not destruction, but the preservation and strengthening of the proven state pension system, taking into account the need to develop new forms of pension provision. With the introduction of the so-called social pensions into the state pension system and the proclamation of the right to create non-state pension systems, the prerequisites for the development of a three-tier pension system arose.

Currently, labor and social pensions are provided in the Russian Federation. The scope of social pensions is limited and for a long time will be limited by the socio-economic development of society in the past, which was characterized by full employment of the working-age population and the right of almost every disabled citizen to a labor pension for his (or breadwinner's) work experience.

However, as the market economy develops, the contingent of persons without work (insurance) experience will expand, and the role of social pensions will increase. A state with a socially oriented economy cannot ignore the problems of material support for a significant number of disabled people who, for various reasons, are not covered by social insurance.

Thus, the first tier of the state pension system is the basic pension, which in the long term should replace the social pension.

The second level is labor (insurance) pension. The role of this type of state pension determines the entire organization of social, and primarily pension, insurance. In the context of the reform, it should be freed from its unusual functions and should be consistent with the nature of solidarity between generations of employees, on which social insurance is based. This implies a fundamental requirement for the reform of labor pensions: the compliance of the conditions for granting and the size of pensions with the volume of participation in social insurance of each individual person, depending on the duration of insurance and the amount of contributions.

When determining the right to a pension and its size, the periods not related to the payment of insurance premiums can be taken into account, provided that the corresponding expenses are reimbursed from the federal budget (study, military service for conscription, etc.). This means the consistent implementation of insurance principles in the pension system, excluding any privileges for individual layers or groups of insured persons.

The third level of the pension system should be non-state pensions. Non-state pension provision in the pension system is considered as additional in relation to the state and can be carried out both in the form of additional professional pension systems of individual organizations, sectors of the economy or territories, and in the form of personal pension insurance of citizens who accumulate funds for their additional pension provision in insurance companies or pension funds. Both of these forms must evolve. At the same time, the formation and development of additional professional pension systems at the present stage is a priority task and should be stimulated in the first place.

Due to the difficult economic situation, the creation of additional professional pension systems for employees of all organizations at the present stage is not possible. Therefore, their formation will be carried out gradually, as individual organizations and their groups, sectors of the economy or territories are ready to create such systems, as well as the state's ability to provide appropriate benefits.

After the decision to create an additional professional pension system is made, it becomes mandatory and cannot be liquidated by the decision of its founders.

A supplementary professional pension system must meet a number of requirements. First of all, it is obliged to ensure the payment of pensions, not lump sums, and to coordinate with the state pension system regarding the types of pensions and the conditions for their appointment.

An additional professional pension system can be either with defined benefits or with defined contributions, solidary or funded, or use both of these principles simultaneously. Its financing can be carried out both exclusively at the expense of the employer's contributions, and with the participation of employees. At the same time, all liabilities under the pension system must be financially covered in the form of accumulated assets and future contribution receipts (actuarial balance).

When these pension systems are financed solely from the employer's contributions, it may provide for a certain period of time during which a retired employee covered by this system does not acquire pension rights. However, such a period should not be very long. For employees whose duration of work at the enterprise after the introduction of the pension system exceeds the established period, it is necessary to provide for a mechanism for transferring acquired pension rights in case of their dismissal from the organization before acquiring the right to a pension.

In the event that the supplementary professional pension system meets the established requirements, it should be granted certain tax benefits.

In particular, for organizations with such pension systems, an earnings cap could be set for collecting contributions to state pensions.

In addition, as a possible solution, contributions made by organizations to finance occupational pension systems should be excluded from their tax base. At the same time, in order to ensure a fair distribution policy, it seems necessary to establish a limit on contributions for the payment of pensions, which are not taken into account when determining the tax base. The general limit for contributions to be levied on supplementary professional pension could be set at the level of the rate of contributions levied on government pensions.

Since most of the assets of professional pension systems will be used for accumulation and invested in the development of the economy, it seems expedient to also exempt the investment income of professional pension funds from direct taxation. At the same time, taxation of pensions paid under supplementary professional pension systems should be introduced. pension reform contribution fund

The development of non-state pension systems should be carried out under state control.

Pension legislation will not determine specific conditions for the provision and amount of non-state pensions. The solution of these issues must be left to the consideration of those structures that create non-state pension systems. At the same time, the legislation on these systems should establish certain restrictions on the nature of the permissible activities of such structures in the field of pensions.

Conclusion

Russia seeks to build a pension system based on the experience of other countries. In 2002, a large-scale pension reform was undertaken in Russia, the purpose of which is to raise the standard of living of pensioners and guarantee the financial stability of the state pension system.

The new pension legislation was developed and practically fully enacted in 2002-2003. Thus, institutes of compulsory pension insurance were created, the formation and investment of pension savings within the funded part of the labor pension, the denationalized functions of the insurer for compulsory pension insurance. Since 2002, the labor pension in the Russian Federation consists of three parts: basic, insurance and funded. By introducing a funded element, the pension reform was supposed to contribute to the formation of long-term investment potential for the real sector of the economy, the development of financial markets, as well as an increase in the level of the pension culture of citizens and their responsibility for their well-being in old age.

The pension reform carried out by the state does not apply to all categories of Russian citizens. The entire population of Russia is divided into two groups, and the tasks of the state in relation to these groups are different.

The first group is the current retirees. They can no longer influence the size of their pension. Therefore, raising their standard of living is the most important task of the state. Indeed, being the legal successor of the state, which was the only employer for the majority of today's pensioners and promised them a decent standard of living in old age, the current state is obliged to provide an outstripping indexation of pensions in comparison with inflation.

The second group is working citizens. In the process of carrying out the pension reform, the state must solve the following tasks: - to provide a guaranteed minimum level of pension provision for any citizen of Russia, regardless of the level of his income; - to create conditions for the formation of sufficient pension savings by the population, both through the introduction of mandatory payments and through the development of self-sufficiency of citizens on the basis of stimulating social partnership and individual initiative. For these purposes, in 2002, all citizens under 1952 (men) and 1956 (women) were opened personal savings accounts. But since 2005, the government has made changes to the reform. Savings accounts for citizens born in 1967 have ceased to be replenished. Thus, for men born in 1952-1966 and women born in 1956-1966, pension savings were formed only for the period 2002-2004. The practical implementation of the pension reform is facing significant difficulties. The main one is that the real insurance mechanisms for financing pensions have not started working.

First, the financial situation of Russian pensioners is improving too slowly and does not correspond to the idea of \u200b\u200ba decent old age. The fight against poverty among pensioners is carried out in the only possible way - by increasing the basic part of the retirement pension (the only part of the retirement pension, the size of which depends on government decisions) and is financed from current budget revenues.

With a significant nominal increase in pensions, it is not possible to maintain their level not lower than the pre-reform level. The average replacement rate across Russia has been declining in recent years, as the growth rate of pensions lags behind the growth rate of wages.

Second, the financial condition of the Russian Pension Fund is characterized by an ever-increasing deficit, which is still covered by the state budget. This effectively means that the additional costs of the pension system are covered by other tax revenues - today's workers pay pensions to today's retirees. Thus, over time, the post-reform pension system is rolling back further and further to its historical problems. In addition to the problems associated with the departure from insurance principles, it is necessary to note the following difficulties in the implementation of pension reform.

The population is still very poorly informed about the goals and principles of the pension reform, about their possibilities in the new pension system - both in relation to the funded part of the labor pension, and in relation to voluntary pension provision. The situation in this area is changing for the better, but it is happening very slowly. There are several points to consider here. Russian citizens have forgotten how to take care of their old age on their own and still believe that this is a problem of the state. They begin to take an interest in pension issues only at the pre-retirement age, when it is too late to save up for retirement on their own. In addition, one of the problems is the lack of confidence of Russian citizens in the ability of the state to comply with any financial obligations in the long term. As a result, the formation of the investment potential of the accumulation system is too slow. Only a small part of citizens (about 10%) who have the right to choose a model for investing their pension savings have chosen private financial institutions that have the right to invest in the real sector of the economy - non-state pension funds (NPF) and private management companies (MC).

And, finally, quite often from the side of government bodies there are proposals for the complete or partial dismantling of the funded component within the framework of the labor pension system. Such measures would mean a departure from the funded principles in the pension reform and a gradual return to an equalizing model of pension provision, as well as a decrease in the financial stability of the pension system in the long term. In addition, the state's constant changes in the "rules of the game" during the implementation of the pension reform undermine public confidence in it.

Bibliographic list

1. Afanasyev M.V. On the current stage of reforming the pension system in the Russian Federation: current state and problems: Analytical note // Institute for Comprehensive Strategic Studies. - 2009 .-- p. 156.

2. Baskakov V.N. Macroeconomic aspects of reforming the pension system. - Insurance revue., 2014. - 32 p.

3. Brovchak S.V. Pension security. Russian and foreign experience. - 2009 .-- 36-38 p.

4. The budgetary system of Russia: Textbook for university students, training. on economy specials / Ed. G.B. Pole. - M .: UNITY-DANA, 2010 .-- 540 p.

5. The budgetary system of the Russian Federation: Textbook / Ed. M.V. Romanovsky, O.V. Vrublevskaya. - M .: Yurayt, 2010 .-- 399s.

6. The budgetary system of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. G.B. Polyaka, Moscow: UNITY-DANA, 2011, 493 p.

7. The budgetary process in the Russian Federation: Textbook / L.G. Baranova, O. V. Vrublevskaya et al. - M .: "Perspective": INFRA-M, 2011. - 483 p.

8. Vakhrin P.I., Neshitoi A.S. The budgetary system of the Russian Federation: Textbook. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and K °", 2010. - 340 p.

application

Graph 1. Dynamics of the ratio of the average amount of assigned monthly pensions to the average monthly nominal accrued wages,%

Sources: Rosstat, Expert RA calculations. B.

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Article from the Web.

From myself: No empty blah-blah and hysterical emotions. The entire text is written with mathematical precision, logic and factual material. The Kremlin lackeys are left to whine with annoyance aside and stupidly repeat memorized cliches with the approval of their masters. Well done author!) Read!

V.V. Putin and the people. The hidden meaning of the new pension reform.

- Girl, do you work until what time?

- Now until the 63rd ...

(joke)

Dad, do kings have megalomania?

- And who do they think they are?

- The people.

(joke)

Everyone is looking at Putin with hope. Some (liberals) with the hope that he will not let the new pension reform die before being born, while others (the people) with the hope that this reform will be strangled by his will while still in the baby's cradle.

But seriously and in general, Putin is not even the Tsar in Russia, but almost God. Without it, even crows don’t croak and cats don’t piss in doorways. And "if not him, then who?" His personality cult is worse than Stalin's or Brezhnev's.

If about Stalin, then he was a "simple secretary." One of many. He almost did not interfere in the affairs of others, and he considered that he had no right to interfere. And he has repeatedly stated this orally and in writing. Stalin, instead of PR and the organization of world sports events in Russia, was engaged in a more modest and discreet business - the construction of industry in the USSR. And he succeeded in this.

If about Brezhnev, then he was the "General Secretary". And although they said about him - "thick thick eyebrows, long empty speeches", but, nevertheless, we all live in the Russian world, which was first built by Stalin, and Brezhnev provided our world with an oil and gas basis.

And V.V. Putin, what about Putin? You are our king, Father of the people ...

Entertaining retirement arithmetic

For lovely ladies, for lovely ladies - I will give everything ...

1958 + 55 \u003d 2013 - retired since 2014

1959 + 55 \u003d 2014 - retired since 2015

1960 + 55 \u003d 2015 - since 2016 already retired

1961 + 55 \u003d 2016 - since 2017 already retired

1962 + 55 \u003d 2017 - since 2018 already retired

1963 + 55 \u003d 2018 - from 2019 retirement

1964 + 56 \u003d 2020 - from 2021 retirement (and would have gone in 2020)

1965 + 57 \u003d 2022 - from 2023 retirement (and would have gone in 2021)

1966 + 58 \u003d 2024 - from 2025 retirement (and would have gone in 2022)

1967 + 59 \u003d 2026 - from 2027 retirement (and would have gone in 2023)

1968 + 60 \u003d 2028 - from 2029 retirement (and would have gone in 2024)

1969 + 61 \u003d 2030 - from 2031 retirement (and would have gone in 2025)

1970 + 62 \u003d 2032 - from 2033 retirement (and would have gone in 2026)

1971 + 63 \u003d 2034 - from 2035 retirement (and would have gone in 2027)

And men, that's why they are men ...

1957 + 60 \u003d 2017 - already retired since 2018

1958 +60 \u003d 2018 - retirement in 2019

1959 + 61 \u003d 2020 - retirement in 2021 (and would have gone in 2020)

1960 + 62 \u003d 2022 - retirement in 2023 (and would have gone in 2021)

1961 + 63 \u003d 2024 - retirement in 2025 (and would have gone in 2022)

1962 + 64 \u003d 2026 - retirement in 2027 (and would have gone in 2023)

1963 + 65 \u003d 2028 - retirement in 2029 (and would have gone in 2024)

Have you noticed what a significant cost savings? And this is even without taking into account the increased mortality rate of those who will no longer live up to the "Medvedev" pension ... ..

The economic meaning of raising the retirement age

According to high-ranking officials, the increase in the retirement age will affect 9 million people. And with an average pension of 12 thousand rubles, you will get about 100 billion rubles a month, or more than 1 trillion 200 billion rubles in annual savings of the Pension Fund. In other words, the Russian market will receive less than 1 trillion rubles annually. 200 billion rubles, or in simple terms, Russia will have a significant decrease in the purchasing power of the population, which will force Russian production to adjust downward production of its own products by the corresponding amount in annual terms. And, of course, all the funds freed from such savings from the Pension Fund will inevitably be directed to lending to the Russian oligarchic and big business. Because obtaining loans from Western banks for our business is now significantly difficult due to the sanctions. And guess three times - what will these future loans be spent on? That's right, to buy dollars. After all, for previous dollar loans, you also need to pay in dollars.

The hidden meaning of the new pension reform

The impact of the new pension system in the Russian Federation is usually considered in terms of the economic damage caused to future pensioners. She will take about 600 thousand rubles from each pensioner, and about 1 million rubles from each pensioner. (based on the possible savings of the Pension Fund). However, all elderly people, even if they live separately from their children and grandchildren, are part of a “big family” of three generations, so the blow inflicted on future retirees will inevitably affect middle age and young people, even affecting future fertility.

The upcoming increase in the retirement age, by 5 years for men and 8 years for women, will most of all affect those peoples where there are many old people and relatively few young people. The nations with high birth rates, where there are few old people and many young people, will suffer least of all. This will further widen the birth rate gap between the “aging” and “young” peoples of the Russian Federation. This effect will only be exacerbated if the funds not given to pensioners are poured into child benefits. (And they will do so, deliberately stimulating the Caucasian and Central Asian peoples to increase the birth rate). Thus, the new pension reform in fact contributes to the genocide of the Slavic peoples of the Russian Federation and the clearing of their place for other peoples. I will immediately warn about the senselessness of filing lawsuits against the state of the Russian Federation on charges of genocide. In the Russian Federation, these claims will not even be accepted, since the newly elected one went to the 4th circle with the promise of a quick and final decision of the so-called. Russian question. In international courts, your claims will also have no prospect. Everyone there understands everything perfectly. But let's focus on a narrower topic: the demographic implications of pensions, which the state is encroaching on today.

Here is a typical situation: the "grandmother" turns 55, her daughter or daughters at this moment are 20-35 years old, and she either plans marriage and the first child if she is 20, or decides whether to have a second or third child, if she is closer to 35. Naturally, the daughter takes into account the "grandmother" factor. What are the options here?

Option A: the grandmother left work, lives on retirement, and in the time free from work helps her daughter with the children. Young retirees are important for every young or middle-aged family not only financially, but also as helpers in raising children. Moreover, the option when the husband fully supports the family from his income, and the wife is only a housewife and a teacher of children, is practically inaccessible for most Russian families. Kindergarten also does not solve the problem, children are often sick and mothers often have to stay at home with them. Employers treat this at best without enthusiasm, and more often - badly, even if the mother is hiding behind the official hospital for childcare. It is easier for state employees in this respect, but in business this entails dismissal, and if the employer still has a conscience, then transfer to a less monetary position or a reduction in salary. As long as the family has children of preschool age, the wife will not be able to fully work and earn money if there are no grandmothers nearby who are ready to help. Not everyone can afford to hire a nanny. But if the grandmother is already a pensioner, then there is no better option. Her daughter or daughter-in-law gets the opportunity to go to work as soon as possible after the birth of the child. This is only a plus for the economy: an elderly and no longer effective worker is sitting with a child, which makes it possible for a young worker to work fully, full of strength and better adapted to the modern technical and professional environment.

Option B: the grandmother retires, but continues to work or earn extra money, and the resulting surplus of funds goes to help the young family. This money will allow the family to compensate for the costs of the nanny or the salary lost by the spouse.

In both cases, the grandmother's achievement of retirement age becomes a serious motive for the next generation of the family to have an additional child, since it removes some of the burdens and costs associated with raising him. The daughter or daughter-in-law is sure that in 1-2 years after the birth of the child she will be able to go back to work, resume moving up the career ladder and earn full money. And if the “grandmother” remains to work, then at least she will be able to help with money, since she gets an additional pension in the form of a pension.

How will it look after the retirement age has been transferred? In the best case, the family simply will not receive the expected benefits if the grandmother at 55 is in an able-bodied condition and the employer has not thrown her out of work. In the worst case, the grandmother will have to feed at the expense of the money that could provide the birth and upbringing of the child. And the second or third child may never be born, or his birth will be postponed for 8 years. And this will create an additional risk to his health due to the age of the mother.

People differ sharply from each other in terms of the initial health resources inherent in their heredity, and the damage to health that they have suffered during their life (including professional activities). One will remain functional until 65-70 years old, and the other already without health at 55 years old. An elderly pensioner can turn out to be a cheerful person, capable and willing to continue to work, or a complete wreck, with the last bit of strength reaching the retirement line. But in any case, those 10-20 thousand rubles per month, which is a regular labor pension, will not be superfluous for him and his grandchildren. But there are areas in Russia where pensions are the main means for which 2-3 generations survive. If he or she continues to work, then the pension will be a plus that they can spend on their children or grandchildren; and if he cannot already work, then the pension will save the children and grandchildren from the expenses for his maintenance or will reduce these expenses.

There may be two young pensioners in the family, which increases the monthly plus up to 20-40 thousand rubles, and in the time perspective even up to 1.5-3 million rubles. This added or saved money is an important Resource for the descendants of the young retiree. This Resource can be spent on raising existing children to make them healthier and more educated. Or he may be the deciding factor in deciding whether to have the next child. And the loss (non-receipt) of this resource will significantly reduce the ability to provide for existing children or force them to refuse to have a new child. But this resource is considered as belonging to them: our state, the Russian Federation, and oligarchic and big business. Moreover, ALL money of the Pension Fund is the ONLY so-called. "Long" money in Russia from the point of view of their lending to large or oligarchic Russian business, all other loans are only "short" money. And moreover, they are very short and completely “under the hood” of the West. In order for the “long” money of the Pension Fund to become even longer, a newly-minted pension reform with an increase in the retirement age is planned and will be carried out. And that is why women will be raised this age by 8 years. Which seems counterintuitive. In fact, everything is logical !! For men, the retirement age will be 65 in 2023, for women at 63 in 2026 ...

That is why they are already rushing from TV screens with arguments that "the abolition of pensions will increase the birth rate." The Ravinat of Jewish communities treats the Russian people and other peoples of Russia as a herd of human cattle who do not understand anything. So, raising the retirement age will have a negative impact on the birth rate in Russia, and will force many families to completely abandon the birth of new children, which is what the rabinat needs ...

And where did these famous Soviet "55 years" come from?

Why in the USSR, where they tried to harness everyone in production, were women freed from labor even at a relatively working age? This age of 55 years was set in accordance with the frequency of generational change and the duration of the childbearing period in the life of women. If a woman is 55 years old, then her eldest daughter is already 30-35 years old, and the youngest is 20-25 years old. This is the last date when the eldest daughter can give birth to a healthy child and increase the number of births per woman. To encourage her to take such an important step, the Soviet state presented the family with a gift in the form of a retired grandmother. And if this is postponed for 8 years, as they want to do now, then the eldest daughter will already be 38-43 years old. Most likely, at this age, she will not dare to give birth to a second or third child, or this child may be born disabled.

On the retirement age for men. In the USSR, it came at the latest at the age of 60. A married man is usually five to seven years older than his wife. So we get 60 years - this is the average age of a husband for a woman who retires at 55. And this also stimulated the families of their older children to bear children, who will soon leave their childbearing age. A financial plus for the well-being of a young family in the form of a still working grandfather also increased the incentive to bear children.

And it is far from accidental that in the Russian Federation the same people from the ruling elite are destroying the old pension system and at the same time carrying out a migration policy that is deadly for the country. Both these and other measures lead to a redrawing of the ethnic map of the Russian Federation, to the genocide of the European peoples of Russia and their replacement by peoples with completely different cultural values.

My proposal for pension reform

In Russia, the retirement age should come depending on age and health status ... so it is normal for women at 50 years old, for men at 57 years old, in harmful and difficult conditions earlier - 5-7 years ... all this with a minimum experience of 15-20 years for women and 25-27 for men ... if they wish, retirees can continue to work if their health allows, in this case they can have a shorter working day - 6 hours or 4 hours, or a shorter working week - 2, 3, 4 days, the total working week should be 6 days long, with the weekly output in hours - 34-36 hours in 5 working days + 2 days off ... the salary level should be kept at the level of existing wages for 40 hours of work per week ... overtime work over 34- 36 hours of work per week should be strictly prohibited, with the exception of emergencies ... in the event of massive natural disasters or a state of war (pre-war situation), all working hours are increased ...

these measures will artificially reduce unemployment, the costs of the wage fund will certainly increase, the number of hired personnel will also increase ... but social injustice will clearly decrease and we will avoid the moral degradation of young generations ...

The author has experience, from October 1982 to May 2008, in the field of labor economics, technical regulation, production economics in the chemical industry, road construction, construction industry, woodworking industry, and therefore for everyone who enthusiastically accepted the D.A. ... Medvedev and those who wanted to criticize me - your maxims are not at all interesting to me ...

The contradictions of the old pension system indicate that, despite the fairly stable position of the Pension Fund in recent years, it was on the verge of a crisis, from which it, based on cosmetic changes in the old pension legislation carried out during the 90s, could not be withdrawn. The ongoing transformations have prepared the necessary prerequisites for further reforms, but due to the influence of “external” to the pension system (primarily political, economic, demographic) factors, their positive influence is decreasing every year.

The main economic reasons for the pension reform:

a tendency that has been stable for a decade declining purchasing power of pensions ;

narrowing the differentiation of pension amounts, due, on the one hand, to the desire of the insured to conceal their income from payment of pension insurance (i.e., understating the base for calculating insurance contributions), and on the other hand, to maintain strict restrictions on the maximum amount (ceiling) of the pension, if necessary, to permanently increase it the minimum level based on the purchasing power of the pension;

final loss of connection between pension and "labor contribution" pensioner, which is expressed in the fact that the size of the old-age labor pension practically does not depend on either the length of service or the amount of earnings, since to calculate the maximum pension, only half of the average monthly salary can be taken into account;

deterioration of demographic factors in the development of the labor market , which are manifested with a projected sharp decline in the population of working age; Thus, according to the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the pay-as-you-go system works effectively if the ratio of the number of retirees to employed is at least 1:10. And today in our country there are almost 40 million pensioners versus about 80 million employed, that is, the required ratio is only 1: 2. (in Soviet times, there were just 10-11 workers for one pensioner, the USSR pension system had real security, it was considered one of the most progressive in the world) .

maintaining the price of labor at a low level for a civilized European state due to low rates of economic development in the long term, which is clearly manifested in macroeconomic indicators for the next 20 years.

Along with economic reasons, the demographic situation is deteriorating. In this process, two negative trends can be distinguished: an increase in the number of pensioners (from 34.1 million in 1992 to 36.6 million at the end of 2001) simultaneously with a decrease in the number of employees (from 72.1 million in 1992 to 65 , 1 million at the end of 2001). Thus, if in 1992 there were 2.11 people employed in the economy (1.88 employees) per pensioner, then in 2000 only 1.78 (1.38). And this is without taking into account hidden unemployment and concealment of wages (the base for the UST), which is especially typical for individual entrepreneurs and commercial structures. 6

The news of the change in the age limit for retirement excited the public.

Many people who planned to retire in the coming years will now have to work for a few more years.

It is assumed that the new bill will be considered by the State Duma in the near future and adopted with all the necessary amendments in the fall of this year.

The essence of the 2018 pension reform

The increase in the retirement age has been planned by the government for many years.

At the moment, a deficit of funds has formed in the PFR budget, the replenishment of which is planned by contributions from working citizens. The longer a Russian can work, the more additional funds will go to the fund's budget.

Another reason for the adoption of the reform is the planned increase in the life expectancy of the country's population.

So far, no clear action plans have been announced to improve the quality of life of citizens, however, the government considers it expedient to start adapting the pension system to future demographic conditions as early as possible.

The essence of this reform is to gradually raise the age for receiving an old-age insurance pension. Currently, women over 55 and men over 60 can become pensioners.

If the bill is successfully approved, the age for retirement will change:

• for the female half of the country's population - from 63 years old;
• for men - from 65 years.

In addition, the reform may affect the procedure for forming pension savings, conditions for early retirement and the process of providing citizens with monthly payments.

Amendments and changes to Russian legislation are planned to be implemented from the beginning of next year. Delays can be caused by the difficult financial and economic situation in the Russian Federation and other nuances.

The increase in the retirement age will be implemented gradually.

Since the launch of the project, raising the age bracket is planned for one year on even dates. This process will drag on for at least 10-16 years, that is, until 2034 inclusive.

Pension reform in 2018: retirement table

As stated above, the changes will be implemented in stages.

The government plans to increase the retirement age of Russians by 5 years for the male half of the population and by 5 years for the female. Tentatively, the process will begin in 2019.

UPD: The President of the Russian Federation made amendments to the law - the retirement age for women will also be raised by 5 years, as well as for men. That is, the new retirement age for women in Russia is 60 years.

Commentary of the President of the Russian Federation

“The draft law proposes to increase the retirement age for women by eight years - up to 63 years, while for men it will be increased by five years. That won't work, of course. It is not right. And in our country, the attitude towards women is special, careful. We understand that they not only work at their main place of work, but, as a rule, they have the whole house, taking care of the family, raising children, and taking care of grandchildren. The retirement age for women should not be increased more than for men. Therefore, I consider it necessary to reduce the increase in the retirement age for women proposed by the bill from eight to five years, "Putin said during his speech.

He also proposed to provide for the right of early retirement for mothers with many children.

“That is, if a woman has three children, she will be able to retire three years ahead of schedule. If there are four children - four years earlier. And for women who have five or more children, everything should remain as it is now, they will be able to retire at 50, ”the Russian president added.

Below is a table of retirement after the 2018 pension reform showing the planned changes to the law.

Thus, the annual change in the retirement age will be carried out in increments of one year.

Consequences of the 2018 pension reform

Despite a lot of positive feedback on the innovations from the state, most of the country's population negatively perceived the news about the increase in the age for retirement.

The protests are linked to many reasons, one of which is the low life expectancy in certain regions.

City or region name	Indicators of average life expectancy in years
	for women	for men
St. Petersburg
Rep. Adygea
Voronezh region
Ryazan region
Kirov region
Oryol region
Rep. Tyva
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Thus, according to the data for 2017, many citizens do not live to see retirement. This is especially true of the male half of the country's population.

Raising the retirement age in the near future, against the background of statistics, looks inappropriate.

Despite the task set by the President of the Russian Federation to increase the life expectancy of Russians, it will not be possible to achieve the desired result in the shortest possible time. Even taking into account the effectiveness of future government measures, the process will take at least a decade.

State representatives assure that all the planned changes in the legislation are aimed at increasing the quality of life of citizens and increasing their well-being.

As Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said at a government meeting, the reform will gradually raise the size of pension payments up to 12,000 rubles a year.

In practice, Russian citizens will have to face the following consequences:

• the growth of youth unemployment;
• the need to retrain the adult generation;
• the risk of facing discrimination based on age;
• lack of jobs for the elderly;
• a decrease in consumer demand due to a decrease in the expected income;
• low labor productivity.

Advocates of the innovations believe that the reform will allow the recruitment of experienced and qualified specialists of an older age. In practice, many employers will refuse to hire older people and will give preference to the younger generation.

The rise in youth unemployment is caused by many internal and economic problems.

The extension of the retirement period may lead to the fact that jobs that were intended for young professionals will be assigned to older citizens forced to work due to changes in the law.

In addition, the issue of developing retraining programs for older people is an acute issue.

Many areas require contact with digital technology. Some professions disappear, being replaced by others, or develop over time. Without appropriate training, it will not be possible to master new demanded specialties.

The amount of pension payments in some regions is extremely low, so pensioners are forced to continue working in order to receive additional income.

After the approval of the reform, the income level of the elderly will drop sharply, even if the citizen is officially employed. It will also negatively affect the country's economic sphere.

Are there any positive aspects of the reform?

It is difficult to unequivocally answer this question, because changes in the law will lead to a host of negative consequences for the economy, the material situation of the elderly and young people.

Some experts believe that the reform will help balance the fund's budget and “patch” the existing “holes” in it.

Another positive point is the planned increase in the size of payments. However, in this case, the monthly amount received by the pensioner will be supplemented by only one thousand rubles. It is also unclear when the pension increase is expected.

Are changes possible in the 2018 pension reform?

The innovations are not supported by most of the country, even by young people under the age of 35. Public protests can have a certain impact on the process of adopting the bill.

At the moment, the reform has not yet been approved by the State Duma, therefore, amendments may be made to the text of the document.

Perhaps the "tough" conditions proposed by the government were voiced on purpose in order to be able to soften the planned changes a little, without causing a big resonance in society.

UPD 08/29/18: The draft amendments to the pension legislation have already passed the first reading in the State Duma. The bill provides for a phased increase, starting in 2019, of the retirement age to 65 for men and up to 63 for women (the transition period for them will continue until 2028 and 2034, respectively). The amendments to the document are being collected by September 24.

The President also proposed to provide tax breaks for citizens of pre-retirement age.

“These benefits have traditionally been provided only with retirement. But in this case, when changes are coming in the pension system, and people were counting on these benefits, we are obliged to make an exception for them, to provide benefits not in connection with retirement, but when they reach the appropriate age. That is, as before, women will be able to take advantage of benefits when they reach 55 years old and men - from 60 years old ”.